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Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Effects of Camel Milk Exosomes: An In Vitro Study.

ABSTRACT: Camel milk (CM) has potent antibacterial and antifungal effects and camel milk exosomes (CM-EXO) have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of a large variety of cancer cells including HepaRG, MCF7, Hl60, and PANC1. However, little is known regarding the effects of CM-EXO on bacteria, fungi, HepG2, CaCo2, and Vero cells. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects of CM-EXO. EXOs were isolated from CM by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscope and flow cytometry. Unlike CM, CM-EXO (6 mg/mL) had no bactericidal effects on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Enterococcus feacalis) but they had bacteriostatic effects, especially against Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis), and fungistatic effects on Candida albicans. HepG2, CaCo2, and Vero cells were respectively treated with CM-EXOs at low (6.17, 3.60, 75.35 μg/mL), moderate (12.34, 7.20, 150.70 μg/mL), and high (24.68, 14.40, 301.40 μg/mL) doses and the results revealed that CM-EXOs triggered apoptosis in HepG2 and CaCo2 cells, but not in normal Vero cells, as revealed by high Bax expression and caspase 3 activities and lower expression of Bcl2. Interestingly, CM-EXOs also induced the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and downregulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes (NrF2 and HO-1) in cancer cells but not in normal cells. CM-EXOs have antibacterial and antifungal effects as well as a selective anticancer effect against HepG2 and CaCo2 cells with a higher safety margin on normal cells.

SUBMITTER: Shaban AM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9963947 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Effects of Camel Milk Exosomes: An In Vitro Study.

Shaban Amira M AM Raslan Mai M Sharawi Zeina Walid ZW Abdelhameed Mohamed Sayed MS Hammouda Ola O El-Masry Hossam M HM Elsayed Khaled N M KNM El-Magd Mohammed A MA

Veterinary sciences 20230206 2

Camel milk (CM) has potent antibacterial and antifungal effects and camel milk exosomes (CM-EXO) have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of a large variety of cancer cells including HepaRG, MCF7, Hl60, and PANC1. However, little is known regarding the effects of CM-EXO on bacteria, fungi, HepG2, CaCo2, and Vero cells. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects of CM-EXO. EXOs were isolated from CM by ultracentrifugation and characterized by ...[more]

PMID: 36851428

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Project description:BackgroundCamel milk is known to have hypoglycemic properties. Previous studies found that camel milk exosomes (CM-exo) may regulate cellular glucose metabolism through the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, but this hypothesis has not been verified by other experiments. The objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that CM-exo regulated glucose metabolism in hepatocytes by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I pathway. AML12 cells were treated with extracted exosomes from camel milk and the effect of the CM-exo on cell viability was examined by cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assays. The glucose content of the cell culture medium was measured to determine the glucose consumption of the cells. Lactate release from the cells was determined by measuring the lactate content in the cell culture medium. The glycogen content of AML12 cells was detected. The activity of complex I and the contents of ATP, NAD+ and NADH were measured. The protein expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) were detected by western blotting. The AML12 cells were treated with medium containing CM-exo and gluconeogenic substrates and the glucose content in the cells was determined. The protein expression levels of ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET3), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α-Promoter 2 (HNF4α-P2), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and phosphorylation of GSK3β (p-GSK3β) were detected by western blotting.ResultsThe results of this study showed that a high dose of CM-exo inhibited the viability of AML12 cells. It promoted glucose consumption, glycogen content and lactate release in AML12 cells, inhibited complex I activity, ATP content, NAD+ content, and NAD+/NADH ratio, and increased NADH content. The CM-exo increased the protein levels of p-AMPK, p-GSK3β, the protein expression ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK, p-GSK3β/GSK3β and decreased the glucose content and the protein expression levels of intracellular TET3, HNF4α-P2, PEPCK and G6PC.ConclusionsBy inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complex I in hepatocytes, CM-exo inhibited oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ and synthesis of ATP, enhanced glycolysis, activated AMPK and resulted in decreased gluconeogenesis and increased glycogen synthesis.

Project description:BackgroundCow milk is an important source of macro-and micronutrients. However, it has low iron content but high content of casein and calcium thus could negatively influence hemoglobin synthesis. On the other hand, camel milk contains higher iron concentration than cow milk. In addition, the majority of iron in camel milk is associated with the lower molecular fraction of casein suggesting better bioavailability. Furthermore, vitamin C concentration, a useful iron absorption enhancer, is more than three-fold greater in camel milk than cow milk. This study compared hemoglobin concentration among young children consuming consistently cow milk or camel milk.MethodsHemoglobin concentration of young children (aged 6-59 mo) from settled pastoralist communities of the Somali region, Ethiopia, consistently consuming cow milk (n = 166) or camel milk (n = 166) was determined. In addition, socio-demographic and water, sanitation, and hygienic (WASH) conditions of study participants' households were captured. Furthermore, dietary intake and anthropometric characteristics of participating children were assessed.ResultsAmong the participating children, 38.6% were underweight, 33.4% were stunted, and 34.5% were wasted. In addition, 77.4% of children were anemic. The present study households had poor WASH conditions. Only 0.6% of children had the minimum acceptable dietary diversity. There was small but significant mean hemoglobin difference among camel milk and cow milk consuming children (9.6±1.8 g/dl vs 9.1±2.2 g/dl; p = 0.012). In addition, the odds of low hemoglobin concentration was greater among cow milk consuming children than camel milk consuming children [AOR 2.17; 95 CI; 1.39, 3.37; p = 0.001]. However, the overall anemia prevalence among the two groups was similar.ConclusionCamel milk consumption is associated with better hemoglobin concentration but may not be sufficient to prevent anemia in populations from resource poor settings. The etiology of anemia is multifactorial thus further studies on the link between milk consumption and hemoglobin concentration are important.

Dataset Information

Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Effects of Camel Milk Exosomes: An In Vitro Study.

Publications

Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Effects of Camel Milk Exosomes: An In Vitro Study.

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