Heparin binding to platelet factor-4. An NMR and site-directed mutagenesis study: arginine residues are crucial for binding.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Mayo KH
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1136271 | biostudies-other | 1995 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The molecular interactions between sialoadhesin and sialylated ligands have been investigated by using proton NMR. Addition of ligands to the 12 kDa N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain of sialoadhesin result in resonance shifts in the protein spectrum that have been used to determine the affinities of sialoadhesin for several sialosides. The results indicate that alpha2, 3-sialyl-lactose and alpha2,6-sialyl-lactose bind respectively 2- and 1.5-fold more strongly than does alpha-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (alpha-Me-NeuAc). The resonances corresponding to the methyl protons within the N-acetyl moiety of sialic acid undergo upfield shifting and broadening during titrations, reflecting an interaction of this group with Trp2 in sialoadhesin as observed in co-crystals of the terminal domain with bound ligand. This resonance shift was used to measure the affinities of mutant and wild-type forms of sialoadhesin in which the first three domains are fused to the Fc region of human IgG1. Substitution of Arg97 by alanine completely abrogated measurable interaction with alpha-Me-NeuAc, whereas a conservative substitution with lysine resulted in a 10-fold decrease in affinity. These results provide the first direct measurement of the affinity of sialoadhesin for sialosides and confirm the critical importance of the conserved arginine in interactions between sialosides and members of the siglec family of sialic acid-binding, immunoglobulin-like lectins.
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Project description:N(5)-CAIR synthetase, an essential enzyme in microorganisms, converts 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) and bicarbonate to N(5)-CAIR with the aid of ATP. Previous X-ray crystallographic analyses of Aspergillus clavatus N(5)-CAIR synthetase postulated that R271, H273, and K353 were important for bicarbonate binding and for catalysis. As reported here, site-directed mutagenesis of these residues revealed that R271 and H273 are, indeed, critical for bicarbonate binding and catalysis whereas all K353 mutations, even ones conservative in nature, are inactive. Studies on the R271K mutant protein revealed cooperative substrate inhibition for ATP with a Ki of 1.2 mM. Kinetic investigation of the H273A mutant protein indicated that it was cooperative with respect to AIR; however, this effect was not seen in either the wild-type or any of the other mutant proteins. Cooperative ATP-dependent inhibition of wild-type N(5)-CAIR synthetase was also detected with ATP displaying a Ki of 3.3 mM. Taken together, these results indicate that N(5)-CAIR synthetase operates maximally within a narrow concentration of ATP.
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Project description:Dephosphocoenzyme A kinase performs the transfer of the ?-phosphate of ATP to dephosphocoenzyme A, catalyzing the last step of coenzyme A biosynthesis. This enzyme belongs to the P-loop-containing NTP hydrolase superfamily, all members of which posses a three domain topology consisting of a CoA domain that binds the acceptor substrate, the nucleotide binding domain and the lid domain. Differences in the enzymatic organization and regulation between the human and mycobacterial counterparts, have pointed out the tubercular CoaE as a high confidence drug target (HAMAP database). Unfortunately the absence of a three-dimensional crystal structure of the enzyme, either alone or complexed with either of its substrates/regulators, leaves both the reaction mechanism unidentified and the chief players involved in substrate binding, stabilization and catalysis unknown. Based on homology modeling and sequence analysis, we chose residues in the three functional domains of the enzyme to assess their contributions to ligand binding and catalysis using site-directed mutagenesis. Systematically mutating the residues from the P-loop and the nucleotide-binding site identified Lys14 and Arg140 in ATP binding and the stabilization of the phosphoryl intermediate during the phosphotransfer reaction. Mutagenesis of Asp32 and Arg140 showed catalytic efficiencies less than 5-10% of the wild type, indicating the pivotal roles played by these residues in catalysis. Non-conservative substitution of the Leu114 residue identifies this leucine as the critical residue from the hydrophobic cleft involved in leading substrate, DCoA binding. We show that the mycobacterial enzyme requires the Mg(2+) for its catalytic activity. The binding energetics of the interactions of the mutant enzymes with the substrates were characterized in terms of their enthalpic and entropic contributions by ITC, providing a complete picture of the effects of the mutations on activity. The properties of mutants defective in substrate recognition were consistent with the ordered sequential mechanism of substrate addition for CoaE.
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Project description:The A2a adenosine receptor is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family, and its activation stimulates cyclic AMP production. To determine the residues which are involved in ligand binding, several residues in transmembrane domains 5-7 were individually replaced with alanine and other amino acids. The binding properties of the resultant mutant receptors were determined in transfected COS-7 cells. To study the expression levels in COS-7 cells, mutant receptors were tagged at their amino terminus with a hemagglutinin epitope, which allowed their immunological detection in the plasma membrane by the monoclonal antibody 12CA5. The functional properties of mutant receptors were determined by measuring stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Specific binding of [3H]CGS 21680 (15 nM) and [3H]XAC (4 nM), an A2a agonist and antagonist, respectively, was absent in the following Ala mutants: F182A, H250A, N253A, I274A, H278A, and S281A, although they were well expressed in the plasma membrane. The hydroxy group of Ser-277 is required for high affinity binding of agonists, but not antagonists. An N181S mutant lost affinity for adenosine agonists substituted at N6 or C-2, but not at C-5'. The mutant receptors I274A, S277A, and H278A showed full stimulation of adenylate cyclase at high concentrations of CGS 21680. The functional agonist potencies at mutant receptors that lacked radioligand binding were > 30-fold less than those at the wild type receptor. His-250 appears to be a required component of a hydrophobic pocket, and H-bonding to this residue is not essential. On the other hand, replacement of His-278 with other aromatic residues was not tolerated in ligand binding. Thus, some of the residues targeted in this study may be involved in the direct interaction with ligands in the human A2a adenosine receptor. A molecular model based on the structure of rhodopsin, in which the 5'-NH in NECA is hydrogen bonded to Ser-277 and His-278, was developed in order to visualize the environment of the ligand binding site.
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Project description:Glutathione transferase (GST) epsilon (also known as GST2 or GST B1B1), the major Class Alpha GST in human liver has been subjected to oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis. Four arginine residues, R13, R20, R69 and R187, of which all but R69 are strictly conserved through GST Classes Alpha, Mu and Pi have been replaced by Ala. The mutant enzymes have been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography and characterised. Compared with the wild-type enzyme, all mutant GSTs had altered catalytic properties. All mutants had decreased specific activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Mutants R13A, R69A and R187A also showed decreased activities with other substrates such as cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) and androstenedione. In contrast, mutant R20A had an increased peroxidase activity and an isomerase activity essentially the same as that of the wild-type GST. With the substrates used, kcat./Km values were decreased for all mutant GSTs. Increases in the [S0.5] values were most significant for glutathione (GSH), while values for CDNB and CuOOH were less markedly affected. Thus, various kinetic data indicate that the GSH affinity has been reduced by the mutations and that this loss of affinity is linked to the decreased specific activities. Inhibition studies showed an increased sensitivity towards S-hexyl-GSH; this was particularly marked for mutant R69A. Mutant R20A had a lowered [I50] value but, in contrast, also the highest [I80] value as compared with the wild-type enzyme. Towards bromosulphophthalein, mutants R20A and R69A had a markedly increased sensitivity, about 35-fold in comparison with the wild-type. The inhibition properties of mutant R187A were similar to those of the wild-type enzyme and the properties of mutant R13A were in between. The increased sensitivity to S-hexyl-GSH, in contrast with the decreased affinity for GSH, was suggested to be due to an altered distribution between conformational states of the enzyme induced by the mutations. The arginine residues in positions 13, 20 and 69 all seem to be important for the catalytic properties of GST. Further, the inhibition studies indicate a role of arginine residues in the stabilisation of conformational states of the enzyme.
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