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Activated mouse CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells facilitate melanoma metastasis via Qa-1-dependent suppression of NK-cell cytotoxicity.

ABSTRACT: The regulatory activities of mouse CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells on various immune cells, including NK cells, have been well documented. Under some conditions, conventional CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells in the periphery are able to acquire inhibitory function on other T cells, but their roles in controlling innate immune cells are poorly defined. As a potential cellular therapy for cancer, ex vivo activated CD4(+)Foxp3(-) effector T cells are often infused back in vivo to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Whether such activated T cells could affect NK-cell control of tumorigenesis is unclear. In the present study, we found that mitogen-activated CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells exhibited potent suppressor function on NK-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in vitro, and notably facilitated B16 melanoma metastasis in vivo. Suppression of NK cells by activated CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells is cell-cell contact dependent and is mediated by Qa-1:NKG2A interaction, as administration of antibodies blocking either Qa-1 or NKG2A could completely reverse this suppression, and significantly inhibited otherwise facilitated melanoma metastasis. Moreover, activated CD4(+)Foxp3(-) cells from Qa-1 knockout mice completely lost the suppressor activity on NK cells, and failed to facilitate melanoma metastasis when transferred in vivo. Taken together, our findings indicate that innate anti-tumor response is counter regulated by the activation of adaptive immunity, a phenomenon we term as "activation-induced inhibition". Thus, the regulatory role of activated CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells in NK-cell activity must be taken into consideration in the future design of cancer therapies.

SUBMITTER: Wang X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3515753 | biostudies-other | 2012 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells suppress NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood.

Project description:BackgroundStudies have shown that CD4CD25Foxp3Treg cells suppress NKG2D expression on NK cells via a cell contact-dependent mechanism and increased TGF-β and IL-10 production in some cancer models. We herein aimed to explore whether CD4CD25Foxp3Tregs suppress NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood and elucidate the exact mechanism underlying this phenomenon.MethodsTo explore the function of NKG2D, NK cell cultures were treated with an NKG2D-blocking antibody to block these receptors. Additionally, TGF-β- and IL-10-blocking antibodies were added to NK and CD4CD25Foxp3Treg cell cocultures to evaluate whether the latter cells suppress NKG2D expression of NK cells via increasing the production of TGF-β and IL-10. The expression of NKG2D on NK cells was detected by 3-color flow cytometry, and NK cell activity was assessed by 3 assays: a nonradioactive cytotoxicity assay, an ELISA measuring IFN-γ production and a flow cytometry assay to evaluate CD107a expression.ResultsBlocking NKG2D decreased NK cell cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production and CD107a expression. Moreover, blocking TGF-β and IL-10 substantially increased the NKG2D expression in NK and CD4CD25Foxp3Treg cell cocultures. Similarly, blocking TGF-β and IL-10 enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production and CD107a expression; Transwell insert assays also revealed increased IFN-γ production and CD107a and NKG2D expression.ConclusionCD4CD25Foxp3Tregs suppress NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood via a cell contact-dependent mechanism and increased TGF-β and IL-10 production.

| S-EPMC6708973 | biostudies-literature

The PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/ROS/eIF2B pathway promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis via suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity and tumor cell susceptibility.

Project description:ObjectiveTo examine the effect of pSer9-GSK-3β on breast cancer and to determine whether the underlying metabolic and immunological mechanism is associated with ROS/eIF2B and natural killer (NK) cells.MethodsWe employed TWS119 to inactivate GSK-3β by phosphorylating Ser9 and explored its effect on breast cancer and NK cells. The expression of GSK-3β, natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands, eIF2B was quantified by PCR and Western blot. We measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS using DCFH-DA and MitoSOXTM probe, respectively, and conducted quantitative analysis of cellular respiration on 4T1 cells with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I/III kits.ResultsOur investigation revealed that TWS119 downregulated NKG2D ligands (H60a and Rae1), suppressed the cytotoxicity of NK cells, and promoted the migration of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells. Nevertheless, LY290042, which attenuates p-GSK-3β formation by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway, reversed these effects. We also found that higher expression of pSer9-GSK-3β induced higher levels of ROS, and observed that abnormality of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I/III function induced the dysfunction of GSK-3β-induced electron transport chain, naturally disturbing the ROS level. In addition, the expression of NOX3 and NOX4 was significantly up-regulated, which affected the generation of ROS and associated with the metastasis of breast cancer. Furthermore, we found that the expression of pSer535-eIF2B promoted the expression of NKG2D ligands (Mult-1 and Rae1) following by expression of pSer9-GSK-3β and generation of ROS.ConclusionsThe PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/ROS/eIF2B pathway could regulate NK cell activity and sensitivity of tumor cells to NK cells, which resulted in breast cancer growth and lung metastasis. Thus, GSK-3β is a promising target of anti-tumor therapy.

| S-EPMC6528454 | biostudies-literature

Cytotoxicity of CD56(bright) NK cells towards autologous activated CD4+ T cells is mediated through NKG2D, LFA-1 and TRAIL and dampened via CD94/NKG2A.

Project description:In mouse models of chronic inflammatory diseases, Natural Killer (NK) cells can play an immunoregulatory role by eliminating chronically activated leukocytes. Indirect evidence suggests that NK cells may also be immunoregulatory in humans. Two subsets of human NK cells can be phenotypically distinguished as CD16(+)CD56(dim) and CD16(dim/-)CD56(bright). An expansion in the CD56(bright) NK cell subset has been associated with clinical responses to therapy in various autoimmune diseases, suggesting an immunoregulatory role for this subset in vivo. Here we compared the regulation of activated human CD4(+) T cells by CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) autologous NK cells in vitro. Both subsets efficiently killed activated, but not resting, CD4(+) T cells. The activating receptor NKG2D, as well as the integrin LFA-1 and the TRAIL pathway, played important roles in this process. Degranulation by NK cells towards activated CD4(+) T cells was enhanced by IL-2, IL-15, IL-12+IL-18 and IFN-?. Interestingly, IL-7 and IL-21 stimulated degranulation by CD56(bright) NK cells but not by CD56(dim) NK cells. NK cell killing of activated CD4(+) T cells was suppressed by HLA-E on CD4(+) T cells, as blocking the interaction between HLA-E and the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A NK cell receptor enhanced NK cell degranulation. This study provides new insight into CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) NK cell-mediated elimination of activated autologous CD4(+) T cells, which potentially may provide an opportunity for therapeutic treatment of chronic inflammation.

| S-EPMC3284517 | biostudies-literature

Integrin receptors on tumor cells facilitate NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.

Project description:NK cells that mediate ADCC play an important role in tumor-specific immunity. We have examined factors limiting specific lysis of tumor cells by CD16.NK-92 cells induced by CNTO 95LF antibodies recognizing ?V integrins that are overexpressed on many tumor cells. Although all tested tumor cells were killed by CD16.NK-92 effectors in the presence of the antibodies, the killing of target cells with a low level of ICAM-1 expression revealed a dramatic decrease in their specific lysis at high antibody concentration, revealing a dose limiting effect. A similar effect was also observed with primary human NK cells. The effect was erased after IFN-? treatment of tumor cells resulting in upregulation of ICAM-1. Furthermore, killing of the same tumor cells induced by Herceptin antibody was significantly impaired in the presence of CNTO 95Ala-Ala antibody variant that blocks ?V integrins but is incapable of binding to CD16. These data suggest that ?V integrins on tumor cells could compensate for the loss of ICAM-1 molecules, thereby facilitating ADCC by NK cells. Thus, NK cells could exercise cytolytic activity against ICAM-1 deficient tumor cells in the absence of proinflammatory cytokines, emphasizing the importance of NK cells in tumor-specific immunity at early stages of cancer.

| S-EPMC4141007 | biostudies-literature

Melanoma-associated fibroblasts modulate NK cell phenotype and antitumor cytotoxicity.

Project description:Although the role of the tumor microenvironment in the process of cancer progression has been extensively investigated, the contribution of different stromal components to tumor growth and/or evasion from immune surveillance is still only partially defined. In this study we analyzed fibroblasts derived from metastatic melanomas and provide evidence for their strong immunosuppressive activity. In coculture experiments, melanoma-derived fibroblasts sharply interfered with NK cell functions including cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Thus, both the IL-2-induced up-regulation of the surface expression of NKp44, NKp30, and DNAM-1 triggering receptors and the acquisition of cytolytic granules were inhibited in NK cells. This resulted in an impairment of the NK cell-mediated killing of melanoma target cells. Transwell cocultures and the use of specific inhibitors suggested that cell-to-cell contact was required for inducing DNAM-1 modulation. In contrast, modulation of NKp44 and NKp30 was due to PGE(2) released by fibroblasts during coculture. Normal skin fibroblasts could also partially affect NK cell phenotype and function. However, the inhibitory effect of tumor-derived fibroblasts was far stronger and directly correlated with their ability to produce PGE(2) either constitutively or upon induction by NK cells.

| S-EPMC2791633 | biostudies-literature

T cells, particularly activated CD4<sup>+</sup> cells, maintain anti-CD20-mediated NK cell viability and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Project description:Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is a mainstay of therapy for B cell malignancies, however many patients fail to respond or eventually develop resistance. The current understanding of mechanisms responsible for this resistance is limited. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors were cultured with Raji cells for 7 days, rituximab (RTX) induced NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), enhanced NK cell viability and increased or maintained NK expression of CD56, CD16, CD57 and KIR. T cells, mainly CD4+, mediated these changes in a contact-dependent manner, with local T cell production of IL2 playing a central role. Similar findings were found when autologous B cells were used as target cells demonstrating the need for T cell help was not due to allogenic reaction. Results with other anti-CD20 and anti-EGFR antibodies were consistent. Small numbers of T cells activated by anti-CD3/CD28 beads or bispecific antibody enhanced RTX-mediated NK cell ADCC, viability and phenotypical changes. Pathway analysis of bulk NK cell mRNA sequencing after activation by RTX with and without T cells was consistent with T cells maintaining the viability of the activated NK cells. These findings suggest T cell help, mediated in large part by local production of IL2, contributes to NK cell ADCC and viability, and that activating T cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as through the use of anti-CD3 based bispecific antibodies, could enhance the efficacy of anti-CD20 and other mAb therapies where NK-mediated ADCC is a primary mechanism of action.

| S-EPMC8783893 | biostudies-literature

Regulation of activated CD4+ T cells by NK cells via the Qa-1-NKG2A inhibitory pathway.

Project description:The ability of natural-killer cells to regulate adaptive immunity is not well understood. Here we define an interaction between the class Ib major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule Qa-1-Qdm on activated T cells responsible for adaptive immunity and CD94-NKG2A inhibitory receptors expressed by natural-killer cells by using Qa-1-deficient and Qa-1 knockin mice containing a point mutation that selectively abolishes Qa-1-Qdm binding to CD94-NKG2A receptors. The Qa-1-NKG2A interaction protected activated CD4+ T cells from lysis by a subset of NKG2A+ NK cells and was essential for T cell expansion and development of immunologic memory. Antibody-dependent blockade of this Qa-1-NKG2A interaction resulted in potent NK-dependent elimination of activated autoreactive T cells and amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These findings extend the functional reach of the NK system to include regulation of adaptive T cell responses and suggest a new clinical strategy for elimination of antigen-activated T cells in the context of autoimmune disease and transplantation.

| S-EPMC3428267 | biostudies-literature

Donor-specific CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells protect skin allografts and facilitate induction of conventional CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.

Project description:CD4(+) regulatory T cells play a critical role in tolerance induction in transplantation. CD8(+) suppressor T cells have also been shown to control alloimmune responses in preclinical and clinical models. However, the exact nature of the CD8(+) suppressor T cells, their induction and mechanism of function in allogeneic transplantation remain elusive. In this study, we show that functionally suppressive, alloantigen-specific CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells can be induced and significantly expanded by stimulating naïve CD8(+) T cells with donor dendritic cells in the presence of IL-2, TGF-?1 and retinoic acid. These CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells express enhanced levels of CTLA-4, CCR4 and CD103, inhibit the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, and suppress CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation and cytokine production in a donor-specific and contact-dependent manner. Importantly, upon adoptive transfer, the induced CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells protect full MHC-mismatched skin allografts. In vivo, the CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells preferentially traffic to the graft draining lymph node where they induce conventional CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells and concurrently suppress effector T cell expansion. We conclude that donor-specific CD8(+) Foxp3(+) suppressor T cells can be induced and exploited as an effective form of cell therapy for graft protection in transplantation.

| S-EPMC3429694 | biostudies-literature

Human KIT+ myeloid cells facilitate visceral metastasis by melanoma.

Project description:Metastasis of melanoma significantly worsens prognosis; thus, therapeutic interventions that prevent metastasis could improve patient outcomes. Here, we show using humanized mice that colonization of distant visceral organs with melanoma is dependent upon a human CD33+CD11b+CD117+ progenitor cell subset comprising <4% of the human CD45+ leukocytes. Metastatic tumor-infiltrating CD33+ cells from patients and humanized (h)NSG-SGM3 mice showed converging transcriptional profiles. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis identified a gene signature of a KIT/CD117-expressing CD33+ subset that correlated with decreased overall survival in a TCGA melanoma cohort. Thus, human CD33+CD11b+CD117+ myeloid cells represent a novel candidate biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for metastatic melanoma.

| S-EPMC8056753 | biostudies-literature

HSP70 enhances immunosuppressive function of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells and cytotoxicity in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells.

Project description:Human CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) control effector T cells and play a central role in peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a major immunomodulatory molecule, but its effect on the functions of Tregs is not well understood. To investigate target-dependent and -independent Treg functions, we studied cytokine expression, regulation of proliferation and cytotoxicity after exposure of Tregs to HSP70. HSP70-treated Tregs significantly inhibited proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) target cells and downregulated the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-? and TNF-?. By contrast, HSP70 increased the secretion of Treg suppressor cytokines IL-10 and TGF-?. Treatment with HSP70 enhanced the cytotoxic properties of Tregs only to a minor extent (4-fold), but led to stronger responses in CD4(+)CD25(-) cells (42-fold). HSP70-induced modulation of T-cell responses was further enhanced by combined treatment with HSP70 plus IL-2. Treatment of Tregs with HSP70 led to phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and the MAPKs JNK and p38, but not that of ERK1/2. Exposure of Tregs to specific inhibitors of PI3K/AKT and the MAPKs JNK and p38 reduced the immunosuppressive function of HSP70-treated Tregs as indicated by the modified secretion of specific target cell (IFN-?, TNF-?) and suppressor cytokines (IL-10, TGF-?). Taken together, the data show that HSP70 enhances the suppressive capacity of Tregs to neutralize target immune cells. Thus HSP70-enhanced suppression of Tregs may prevent exaggerated immune responses and may play a major role in maintaining immune homeostasis.

| S-EPMC3530531 | biostudies-literature

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