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Copper-mediated perfluoroalkylation of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuRF.

ABSTRACT: The attachment of perfluoroalkyl groups onto organic compounds has been a major synthetic goal over the past several decades. Previously, our group reported phenanthroline-ligated perfluoroalkyl copper reagents, (phen)CuRF, which react with aryl iodides and aryl boronates to form the corresponding benzotrifluorides. Herein the perfluoroalkylation of a series of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuCF3 and (phen)CuCF2CF3 is reported. The mild reaction conditions allow the process to tolerate many common functional groups. Perfluoroethylation with (phen)CuCF2CF3 occurs in somewhat higher yields than trifluoromethylation with (phen)CuCF3, creating a method to generate fluoroalkyl heteroarenes that are less accessible from trifluoroacetic acid derivatives.

SUBMITTER: Mormino MG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3993863 | biostudies-other | 2014 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Copper-mediated perfluoroalkylation of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuRF.

Mormino Michael G MG Fier Patrick S PS Hartwig John F JF

Organic letters 20140312 6

The attachment of perfluoroalkyl groups onto organic compounds has been a major synthetic goal over the past several decades. Previously, our group reported phenanthroline-ligated perfluoroalkyl copper reagents, (phen)CuRF, which react with aryl iodides and aryl boronates to form the corresponding benzotrifluorides. Herein the perfluoroalkylation of a series of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuCF3 and (phen)CuCF2CF3 is reported. The mild reaction conditions allow the process to tolerate many com ...[more]

PMID: 24621138

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Project description:First-row metal complexes often undergo undesirable one-electron redox processes during two-electron steps of catalytic cycles. We report the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides with primary aliphatic amines catalyzed by a well-defined, single-component nickel precursor (BINAP)Ni(?(2)-NC-Ph) (BINAP = 2,2'-bis(biphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthalene) that minimizes the formation of Ni(I) species and (BINAP)2Ni. The scope of the reaction encompasses electronically varied aryl chlorides and nitrogen-containing heteroaryl chlorides, including pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline derivatives. Mechanistic studies support the catalytic cycle involving a Ni(0)/Ni(II) couple for this nickel-catalyzed amination and are inconsistent with a Ni(I) halide intermediate. Monitoring the reaction mixture by (31)P NMR spectroscopy identified (BINAP)Ni(?(2)-NC-Ph) as the resting state of the catalyst in the amination of both aryl chlorides and bromides. Kinetic studies showed that the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides is first order in both catalyst and aryl halide and zero order in base and amine. The reaction of a representative aryl chloride is inverse first order in PhCN, but the reaction of a representative aryl bromide is zero order in PhCN. This difference in the order of the reaction in PhCN indicates that the aryl chloride reacts with (BINAP)Ni(0), formed by dissociation PhCN from (BINAP)Ni(?(2)-NC-Ph), but the aryl bromide directly reacts with (BINAP)Ni(?(2)-NC-Ph). The overall kinetic behavior is consistent with turnover-limiting oxidative addition of the aryl halide to Ni(0). Several pathways for catalyst decomposition were identified, such as the formation of the catalytically inactive bis(amine)-ligated arylnickel(II) chloride, (BINAP)2Ni(0), and the Ni(I) species [(BINAP)Ni(?-Cl)]2. By using a well-defined nickel complex as catalyst, the formation of (BINAP)2Ni(0) is avoided and the formation of the Ni(I) species [(BINAP)Ni(?-Cl)]2 is minimized.

Dataset Information

Copper-mediated perfluoroalkylation of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuRF.

Publications

Copper-mediated perfluoroalkylation of heteroaryl bromides with (phen)CuRF.

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