Dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer in Brazil: a case control study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Angelo SN
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4769830 | biostudies-other | 2016 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:BackgroundHormone-replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with lower colorectal cancer (CRC) risk among postmenopausal women. However, little is known about the effects of lifetime exposure of women to varying levels of estrogen and progesterone through reproductive factors such as parity, use of oral contraceptives (OC), breastfeeding, and menstruation on CRC risk.MethodsWe assessed associations between reproductive factors and CRC risk among 2650 female CRC patients aged 30+ years and 2175 matched controls in a population-based study in Germany, adjusting for potential confounders by multiple logistic regression.ResultsInverse associations with CRC risk were found for numbers of pregnancies (odds ratio [OR] per pregnancy = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86 to 0.97), breastfeeding for 12 months and longer (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.90), and use of either OC or HRT (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.87) or both (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.70). Similar results were found for postmenopausal women only and when adjusting for number of pregnancies and for all reproductive factors analyzed together. Breastfeeding duration of 12 months and longer was associated with lower risk of cancer only in the proximal colon (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.74).ConclusionsSeveral reproductive factors were associated with lower CRC risk in women, including number of pregnancies, breastfeeding duration, and use of OC and HRT. This suggests that women's exposure to female reproductive hormones plays a key role in the difference in CRC risk between women and men and in site-specific CRC risk.
| S-EPMC9251386 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been recognized as one of the major malignancies in Korea. Analyses of dietary patterns can provide insight into the complex interactions of foods, nutrients, and biologically active components within a diet, which vary among populations. We aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in Koreans. In a study of 923 cases and 1846 controls, principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns based on 33 predefined food groups using a 106-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). The associations between dietary patterns and CRC risk were assessed using binary and polytomous logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Three dietary patterns (traditional, Westernized, and prudent) were derived. The proportion of total variation explained by 3 patterns was 24.2% for men and 25.3% for women. The traditional and prudent patterns were inversely associated with CRC risk [OR and 95% CI for the highest intake tertile of pattern score vs. the lowest = 0.35 (0.27-0.46) and 0.37 (0.28-0.48), respectively], whereas the Westernized pattern showed a positive association, especially among women [OR = 2.13 (1.35-3.34) for the highest tertile vs. the lowest]. A decrease in CRC risk among those with the highest intake of the prudent pattern was observed in all anatomical subsites in both men [OR = 0.36 (0.19-0.68) for proximal colon; 0.21 (0.12-0.36) for distal colon; 0.28 (0.18-0.44) for rectum] and women [OR = 0.28 (0.11-0.71); 0.27 (0.13-0.54); 0.45 (0.25-0.83)]. Our results indicate that individuals who prefer the Westernized dietary pattern should be made aware of their increased CRC risk. The traditional dietary pattern and the prudent pattern, which are rich in fruits and dairy products, are recommended for the Korean population to prevent CRC.
| S-EPMC4998300 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The role of diet-associated inflammation in colorectal cancer is of interest. Accordingly, we aimed to examine whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII) was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in a case-control study conducted in Korea. The DII was based on dietary intake, which was determined by a 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire completed by 923 colorectal cancer cases and 1846 controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were conducted by the anatomical site of the cancer, sex, and other risk factors. Higher DII scores were associated with an increased incidence of colorectal cancer (OR (95% CI) = 2.16 (1.71, 2.73) for highest vs. lowest tertile). The magnitude differed by anatomical site and sex. This association was slightly weaker in subjects with proximal colon cancer (1.68 (1.08, 2.61)) and was stronger in women (2.50 (1.64, 3.82)). Additionally, stronger associations were observed in subjects who were older than 50 years (p for interaction = 0.004) and engaged in physical activity (p for interaction < 0.001). Results from this study suggest that diet-associated inflammation may increase the risk of colorectal cancer, and this effect may differ by certain factors, such as anatomical site, age, sex, and lifestyle.
| S-EPMC4997382 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe rising incidence of colorectal cancer in sub-Saharan Africa may be partly caused by changing dietary patterns. We sought to establish the association between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer in Zimbabwe.MethodsOne hundred colorectal cancer cases and 200 community-based controls were recruited. Data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns derived by principal component analysis. Generalised linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between dietary patterns, participant characteristics and colorectal cancer.ResultsThree main dietary patterns were identified: traditional African, urbanised and processed food. The traditional African diet appeared protective against colorectal cancer (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.35; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.21 - 0.58), which had no association with the urban (OR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.43-1.08), or processed food (OR 0.91; 0.58-1.41) patterns. The traditional African diet was associated with rural domicile, (OR 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00-1.59), and a low income (OR1.48; 95% CI, 1.06-2.08). The urbanised diet was associated with urban domicile (OR 1.70; 95% CI, 1.38-2.10), secondary (OR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.07-1.59) or tertiary education (OR 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.97), and monthly incomes of $201-500 (OR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.62), and the processed food pattern with tertiary education (OR 1.42; 95% CI, 1.05-1.92), and income >$1000/month (OR 1.48; 95% CI, 1.02-2.15).ConclusionA shift away from protective, traditional African dietary patterns may partly explain the rising incidence of colorectal cancer in sub-Saharan Africa.
| S-EPMC6291434 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chronic inflammation is an important factor in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, evidence on the effect of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory foods and nutrients is scarce. Moreover, there are few studies focusing on diet-gene interactions on inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). This study was designed to investigate the association between the novel dietary inflammatory index (DII) and CRC and its potential interaction with polymorphisms in inflammatory genes. Data from the Bellvitge Colorectal Cancer Study, a case-control study (424 cases with incident colorectal cancer and 401 hospital-based controls), were used. The DII score for each participant was obtained by multiplying intakes of dietary components from a validated dietary history questionnaire by literature-based dietary inflammatory weights that reflected the inflammatory potential of components. Data from four important single nucleotide polymorphisms located in genes thought to be important in inflammation-associated CRC: i.e., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-? (PPARG) were analyzed. A direct association was observed between DII score and CRC risk (ORQ4 vs. Q1 1.65, 95 % CI 1.05-2.60, and P trend 0.011). A stronger association was found with colon cancer risk (ORQ4 vs. Q1 2.24, 95 % CI 1.33-3.77, and P trend 0.002) than rectal cancer risk (ORQ4 vs. Q1 1.12, 95 % CI 0.61-2.06, and P trend 0.37). DII score was inversely correlated with SNP rs2243250 in IL-4 among controls, and an interaction was observed with CRC risk. Neither correlation nor interaction was detected for other inflammatory genes. Overall, high-DII diets are associated with increased risk of CRC, particularly for colon cancer, suggesting that dietary-mediated inflammation plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis.
| S-EPMC4259879 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThere has been an alarming increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence among young adults aged < 50 years, and factors driving this upward trend are unknown. This study investigated associations between various medical, lifestyle, and dietary factors and risk of early-onset CRC (EO-CRC).MethodsA population-based case-control study was conducted in Ontario, Canada during 2018-2019. EO-CRC cases aged 20-49 years (n = 175) were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry; sex- and age group-matched controls (n = 253) were recruited through random digit dialing. Data on potential a priori risk factors were collected using a web-based self-reported questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsFamily history of CRC in a first- or second-degree relative (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.47-3.84), longer sedentary time (≥ 10 vs. < 5 h/day, OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.02-3.65), greater consumption of sugary drinks (≥ 7 vs. < 1 drinks/week, OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.57-5.68), and a more Westernized dietary pattern (quartile 4 vs. 1, OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.01-3.66) were each associated with an increased risk of EO-CRC. Conversely, calcium supplement use (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.31-0.92), history of allergy or asthma (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.39-0.98), and greater parity in females (≥ 3 vs. nulliparity, OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.11-0.76) were each associated with a reduced risk.ConclusionModifiable factors, particularly sedentary behavior and unhealthy diet including sugary drink consumption, may be associated with EO-CRC risk. Our findings, if replicated, may help inform prevention strategies targeted at younger persons.
| S-EPMC8416813 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objectives:Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms and a leading cause of mortality globally. To our knowledge, its relationship with dietary factors is not adequately studied and understood in the Nepalese context. This study is aimed at exploring the relationship between the possible dietary risk factors responsible for gastric cancer in Nepal. Methods:A hospital-based matched case-control study was conducted in two specialized cancer hospitals in Nepal. A total of 237 participants (79 cases and 158 controls) were included in the study. Patients diagnosed within one year (incidence case) with histologically confirmed gastric cancer were taken as cases, and healthy visitors of gastric and nongastric cancer patients without past and present history or not a suspected information of gastric cancer were included as controls. A face-to-face interview was conducted using a semi-structured food frequency questionnaire. Backward stepwise conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the magnitude of the association between the independent variables and gastric cancer. Results were presented as the crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:In the adjusted multivariable conditional logistic regression model, an increased risk of gastric cancer was more likely to have higher odds among those respondents who had a high consumption of processed meat (AOR = 3.99, 95% CI: 0.90-17.66), preferences of a high amount of fats/oil (AOR = 4.64, 95% CI: 1.56-13.72), and preferences of high amounts of salts (AOR = 4.18, 95% CI: 1.30-13.44). Conversely, those respondents who consumed higher amounts of fruits (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.65) were seen to have lower odds of gastric cancer. Conclusions:Our study found an increased risk of gastric cancer with frequent consumption of red meat, processed meat, high preferences of salt, fats/oil, and condiments. Regular consumption of fruits had a protective effect against gastric cancer. Providing nutrition education, public awareness, and lifestyle modification are primary steps to promote the avoidance of risk factors and change unhealthy dietary habits to prevent gastric cancer in Nepal.
| S-EPMC7290904 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Levothyroxine is a synthetic T(4) hormone commonly used to treat thyroid disease. Increased incidence of mostly autoimmune thyroid disease has been associated with breast and other malignancies, and thyroid hormone levels might also be associated with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this population-based matched case-control study (2566 pairs) of CRC in northern Israel, use of levothyroxine for at least 5 years was assessed using structured interviews and validated by prescription records. The analysis included use of statins, aspirin, and hormone replacement therapy; CRC family history; physical activity; vegetable consumption; ethnicity; age; and sex. All statistical tests were two-sided. The use of levothyroxine was associated with a statistically significantly reduced relative risk of CRC (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval = 0.43 to 0.82, P = .001). This association remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, use of aspirin and statins, sports activity, family history of CRC, ethnic group, and level of vegetable consumption (odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.44 to 0.81, P = .001). No statistically significant interactions were seen between use of levothyroxine and aspirin, statins, or hormone replacement therapy.
| S-EPMC2857798 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDespite many efforts to discover the important role of the autophagy process in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), the exact involved molecular mechanism still remains to be elucidated. Recently, a limited number of studies have been employed to discover the impact of autophagy genes' variants on the development and progression of CRC. Here, we evaluated the association between two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the main components of the autophagy genes, ATG16L1 rs2241880, and ATG5 rs1475270, and the CRC risk in an Iranian population.MethodsDuring this investigation, a total of 369 subjects, including 179 CRC patients and 190 non-cancer controls have been genotyped using Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (TP-ARMS-PCR) method.ResultThe results demonstrated that the T allele of the ATG16L1 rs2241880 was significantly associated with the increased risk of CRC in the studied population (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21-2.22, p = 0.0015). Moreover, ATG16L1 rs2241880 TT genotype increased the susceptibility to CRC (OR 3.31, 95% CI: 1.64-6.69, p = 0.0008). Furthermore, a significant association was observed under the recessive and dominant inheritance models (p = 0.0015 and p = 0.017, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found in the ATG5 rs1475270 alleles and genotypes between the cases and controls.ConclusionThe results of the present study may be helpful concerning the risk stratification in CRC patients based on the genotyping approach of autophagy pathways and emphasize the need for further investigations among different populations and ethnicities to refine our conclusions.
| S-EPMC8761398 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Poverty has long been considered a risk factor for leprosy and is related to nutritional deficiencies. In this study, we aim to investigate the association between poverty-related diet and nutrition with leprosy.In rural leprosy-endemic areas in Indonesia, we conducted a household-based case-control study using two controls for each case patient (100 recently diagnosed leprosy patients and 200 controls), matched for age and gender. All participants were interviewed to collect information on their demographics, socioeconomic situation, health, and diet. Body mass index, dietary diversity score, as well as anemia and iron micronutrient profiles were also obtained. By means of univariate, block-wise multivariate, and integrated logistic regression analyses, we calculated odds ratios between the variables and the occurrence of leprosy. Unstable income (odds ratio [OR], 5.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.54-12.64; p = 0.000), anemia (OR, 4.01; 95% CI, 2.10-7.64; p = 0.000), and higher household food insecurity (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.21; p = 0.000) are significantly associated with an increased risk of having leprosy. Meanwhile, higher education (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.77; p = 0.009) and land ownership (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.86; p = 0.019) have significant protective associations against leprosy. Although lower dietary diversity, lack of food stock, food shortage, low serum iron, and high ferritin were found more commonly in those with leprosy, the occurrence of leprosy was not significantly associated with iron deficiency (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.10-11.37; p = 0.963).Food poverty is an important risk factor for leprosy susceptibility, yet the mechanisms underlying this association other than nutrient deficiencies still need to be identified. With a stable incidence rate of leprosy despite the implementation of chemoprophylaxis and multidrug therapy, improving dietary diversity through food-based approaches should be initiated and directed toward high-prevalence villages. The possible underlying factors that link poverty to leprosy other than nutrient deficiencies also need to be identified.
| S-EPMC5865754 | biostudies-literature