ASSESSMENT OF VAGOTOMY BY POST-PRANDIAL ALKALINE TIDE.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Verma SK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5530281 | biostudies-other | 1996 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:BACKGROUND:A two-stage chemical pretreatment of corn stover is investigated comprising an NaOH pre-extraction followed by an alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) post-treatment. We propose that conventional one-stage AHP pretreatment can be improved using alkaline pre-extraction, which requires significantly less H2O2 and NaOH. To better understand the potential of this approach, this study investigates several components of this process including alkaline pre-extraction, alkaline and alkaline-oxidative post-treatment, fermentation, and the composition of alkali extracts. RESULTS:Mild NaOH pre-extraction of corn stover uses less than 0.1 g NaOH per g corn stover at 80°C. The resulting substrates were highly digestible by cellulolytic enzymes at relatively low enzyme loadings and had a strong susceptibility to drying-induced hydrolysis yield losses. Alkaline pre-extraction was highly selective for lignin removal over xylan removal; xylan removal was relatively minimal (~20%). During alkaline pre-extraction, up to 0.10 g of alkali was consumed per g of corn stover. AHP post-treatment at low oxidant loading (25 mg H2O2 per g pre-extracted biomass) increased glucose hydrolysis yields by 5%, which approached near-theoretical yields. ELISA screening of alkali pre-extraction liquors and the AHP post-treatment liquors demonstrated that xyloglucan and ?-glucans likely remained tightly bound in the biomass whereas the majority of the soluble polymeric xylans were glucurono (arabino) xylans and potentially homoxylans. Pectic polysaccharides were depleted in the AHP post-treatment liquor relative to the alkaline pre-extraction liquor. Because the already-low inhibitor content was further decreased in the alkaline pre-extraction, the hydrolysates generated by this two-stage pretreatment were highly fermentable by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that were metabolically engineered and evolved for xylose fermentation. CONCLUSIONS:This work demonstrates that this two-stage pretreatment process is well suited for converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars and biofuels, such as ethanol. This approach achieved high enzymatic sugars yields from pretreated corn stover using substantially lower oxidant loadings than have been reported previously in the literature. This pretreatment approach allows for many possible process configurations involving novel alkali recovery approaches and novel uses of alkaline pre-extraction liquors. Further work is required to identify the most economical configuration, including process designs using techno-economic analysis and investigating processing strategies that economize water use.
| S-EPMC3997815 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAA) is widely used in pretreatment of lignocellulose because it has a good capability in selective delignification. However, high concentration (more than 60%) of HPAA increases the cost of pretreatment and the risk of explosion. In this work, alkaline post-incubation was employed to decrease the HPAA loading and improve the saccharification of poplar.ResultsPretreatment with 100% HPAA removed 91.0% lignin and retained 89.9% glucan in poplar. After poplar was pretreated by 100% HPAA at 60 °C for 2 h, the glucan conversion in enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase increased to 90.1%. Alkaline incubation reduced the total lignin, surface lignin, and acetyl group of HPAA-pretreated poplar. More than 92% acetyl groups of HPAA-pretreated poplar were removed by alkaline incubation with 1.0% NaOH at 50 °C for 1 h. After incubation of 60% HPAA-pretreated poplar with 1.0% NaOH, the glucan conversion enhanced to 95.0%. About 40% HPAA loading in pretreatment was reduced by alkaline incubation without the decrease of glucose yield.ConclusionsAlkaline post-incubation had strong ability on the deacetylation and delignification of HPAA-pretreated poplar, exhibiting a strong promotion on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield. This report represented alkaline incubation reduced the HPAA loading, improved pretreatment safety, exhibiting excellent potential application in saccharification of poplar.
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Project description:Lotus japonicus is a model legume broadly used to study transcriptome regulation under different stress conditions and microorganism interaction. Understanding how this model plant respond gainst alkaline stress will certainly help to develop more tolerant cultivars in economically important Lotus species as well as in other legumes. In order to uncover the most important response mechanisms activated during alkaline stress, we explored by microarray analysis the transcriptome regulation occurring in the phenotypically contrasting ecotypes MG-20 and Gifu B-129 of L. japonicus after 21 days of alkaline stress.
2014-03-25 | E-MTAB-2418 | biostudies-arrayexpress
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Project description:The surgical therapeutic effect of stage II-IV CRC patients will be assessed by the plasma mSEPT9 assay, and patients will be followed up by the same assay for recurrence monitoring.
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Project description:Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which underlie the use of rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a complex phenotype that is difficult to model in rodents because it is diagnosed by patient interview and influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. However, given that PTSD results from traumatic experiences, rodent models can simulate stress induction and disorder development. By manipulating stress type, intensity, duration, and frequency, preclinical models reflect core PTSD phenotypes, measured through various behavioral assays. Paradigms precipitate the disorder by applying physical, social, and psychological stressors individually or in combination. This review discusses the methods used to trigger and evaluate PTSD-like phenotypes. It highlights studies employing each stress model and evaluates their translational efficacies against DSM-5, validity criteria, and criteria proposed by Yehuda and Antelman's commentary in 1993. This is intended to aid in paradigm selection by informing readers about rodent models, their benefits to the clinical community, challenges associated with the translational models, and opportunities for future work. To inform PTSD model validity and relevance to human psychopathology, we propose that models incorporate behavioral test batteries, individual differences, sex differences, strain and stock differences, early life stress effects, biomarkers, stringent success criteria for drug development, Research Domain Criteria, technological advances, and cross-species comparisons. We conclude that, despite the challenges, animal studies will be pivotal to advances in understanding PTSD and the neurobiology of stress.
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| S-EPMC9017073 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A new accelerated concrete prism expansion test at 38 °C (accelerated CPT) is proposed for assessing the alkali-reactivity of concrete aggregates. In this test, concrete prisms with a standardized mix composition and different alkali contents are immersed in alkaline solutions with compositions simulating the pore liquid of hardened concretes. The concrete prism expansion test at 38 °C and RH > 95% (traditional CPT) was taken as a reference test, in order to define the appropriate expansion limit criterion for the proposed accelerated CPT. Three natural aggregates of known field performance and different alkali-silica reactivity were tested. The compositions of alkaline solutions were designed by assuming total dissolution of cement alkalis and taking a ratio between the mass fractions of effective water consumed by cement hydration and of alkalis uptaken by cement hydrates equal to unity. This simplified approach was found in an acceptable agreement with literature empirical equations correlating pore solution alkalinity of hardened Portland cement mixes with total alkali content of cement. Elaboration of expansion data through both pass-fail and threshold alkali level (TAL)-evaluation approaches indicated that, for the accelerated CPT, an expansion limit criterion of 0.04% after 120 days of testing in alkaline solutions is appropriate to evaluate the aggregate alkali reactivity congruently with the traditional CPT. Use of the proposed test method in place of the traditional CPT would reduce the test duration from 365 to 120 days.
| S-EPMC7014213 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAlkaline proteases is the important group of enzymes having numerous industrial applications including dairy food formulations.ObjectivesThe current study deals with the purification and characterization of an alkaline serine protease produced by Geotrichum candidum QAUGC01, isolated from indigenous fermented milk product, Dahi.Material and methodsIn total twelve G. candidum strains were screened for their proteolytic activity by using standard protease assay. The protease production from G. candidum QAUGC01 was optimized by varying physio-chemical conditions. The protease was purified by using two-step method: ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. Protease was further characterized by studying various parameter like temperature, pH, modulators, metal ions and organic solvent. A thermodynamic study was also carried out to explore the half-life of protease.ResultsThe G. candidum grew profusely at 25 °C and at an initial pH of 4.0 for 72 h of incubation producing 26.21 U/ml maximum extracellular protease. Protease revealed that Vmax and Km was 26.25 U.ml-1.min-1 and 0.05 mg.mL-1, respectively using casein as substrate. The enzyme was stable at a temperature range (25-45 °C) and pH (8-9). Residual enzyme activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of PMSF (7.5%). The protease could hydrolyze proteinaceous substrates, casein (98%) and BSA (95%). The thermodynamic studies explored that the half-life of the enzyme that was 106.62 min, 38.72 min and 15.71 min at 50, 60 and 70 °C, respectively.ConclusionsPurified protease from G. candidum GCQAU01 is an ideal candidate for industrial application.
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