Herpes simplex encephalitis in a patient with a new form of inherited IFNAR1 deficiency
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE157948 | GEO | 2020/09/24
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:In the course of primary infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), children with inborn errors of the TLR3- and UNC-93B-dependent induction of IFN-α/β and/or IFN-λ immunity are prone to HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE) 1-3. The cells responsible for HSE in these children have yet to be identified. We tested the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of HSE involves non hematopoietic central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the dermal fibroblasts of TLR3- and UNC-93B-deficient patients and from controls. These iPSCs were allowed to differentiate into highly purified populations of neural stem cells (NSCs), neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The induction of IFN-β and/or IFN-λ1 in response to poly(I:C) stimulation was dependent on TLR3 and UNC-93B in all cells tested. However, the induction of IFN-β and IFN-λ1 in response to HSV-1 infection was impaired selectively in UNC-93B-deficient neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cells were also much more susceptible to HSV-1 infection than control cells, whereas UNC-93B-deficient NSCs and astrocytes were not. The rescue of UNC-93B-deficient cells with the wild-type UNC93B1 allele demonstrated the genetic defect as the cause of the poly(I:C) and HSV-1 phenotypes. The viral infection phenotype was further rescued by treatment with exogenous IFN-α/β, but not IFN-λ1. TLR3-deficient neurons were also found to be susceptible to HSV-1 infection, a phenotype rescued by wild-type TLR3. Thus, impaired TLR3- and UNC-93B-dependent IFN-α/β intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, in neurons and oligodendrocytes in particular, may underlie the pathogenesis of HSE in children with TLR3 pathway deficiencies One human ESC line (H9) was differentiated into 4 different cell types, neural rosettes, CNS neurons, astrocytes and immature oligodendrocytes. Rosettes were purified manually, neurons were sorted negatively for the surface markers EGFR and CD44, oligodendrocyte cells were positively sorted for the surface marker O4 while astrocytes were enriched by growth in serum containing medium. All cell types were subjected to RNA extraction and hybridization on Illumina microarrays. Each sample has 3 biological repeats, except rosettes which has 2 repeats. In a seperate experiement, undifferentiated H9 cells along with H9-derived neurons and astrocyes as well as UNC93B-/- iPS derived neurons and astrocytes were also subjected to RNA extraction and hybridization on Illumina microarrays.
2012-11-29 | E-GEOD-40593 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:In the course of primary infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), children with inborn errors of the TLR3- and UNC-93B-dependent induction of IFN-α/β and/or IFN-λ immunity are prone to HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE) 1-3. The cells responsible for HSE in these children have yet to be identified. We tested the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of HSE involves non hematopoietic central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the dermal fibroblasts of TLR3- and UNC-93B-deficient patients and from controls. These iPSCs were allowed to differentiate into highly purified populations of neural stem cells (NSCs), neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The induction of IFN-β and/or IFN-λ1 in response to poly(I:C) stimulation was dependent on TLR3 and UNC-93B in all cells tested. However, the induction of IFN-β and IFN-λ1 in response to HSV-1 infection was impaired selectively in UNC-93B-deficient neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cells were also much more susceptible to HSV-1 infection than control cells, whereas UNC-93B-deficient NSCs and astrocytes were not. The rescue of UNC-93B-deficient cells with the wild-type UNC93B1 allele demonstrated the genetic defect as the cause of the poly(I:C) and HSV-1 phenotypes. The viral infection phenotype was further rescued by treatment with exogenous IFN-α/β, but not IFN-λ1. TLR3-deficient neurons were also found to be susceptible to HSV-1 infection, a phenotype rescued by wild-type TLR3. Thus, impaired TLR3- and UNC-93B-dependent IFN-α/β intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, in neurons and oligodendrocytes in particular, may underlie the pathogenesis of HSE in children with TLR3 pathway deficiencies
2012-11-29 | GSE40593 | GEO
Project description:Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines that have been best characterized in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, but the effects of IFN-λ against skin infections have not been extensively investigated. We sought to define the skin-specific effects of IFN-λ against the highly prevalent human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV). We infected mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (Ifnlr1-/-), both the IFN-λ and the IFN-αβ receptor (Ifnar1-/- Ifnlr1-/-), or IFN-λ cytokines (Ifnl2/3-/-) and found that IFN-λ restricts the severity of HSV-1 and HSV-2 skin lesions, independent of a direct effect on viral load. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that IFN-λ signaling in both keratinocytes and neutrophils was necessary to control HSV-1 skin lesion severity, and that IFN-λ signaling in keratinocytes suppressed CXCL9-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the skin. Furthermore, depleting neutrophils prevented the development of severe HSV-1 skin lesions in Ifnlr1-/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that IFN-λ plays an immunomodulatory role in the skin that restricts neutrophil-mediated pathology during HSV infection, and suggest potential applications for IFN-λ in treating viral skin infections.
2023-09-12 | GSE242068 | GEO
Project description:Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines that have been best characterized in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, but the effects of IFN-λ against skin infections have not been extensively investigated. We sought to define the skin-specific effects of IFN-λ against the highly prevalent human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV). We infected mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (Ifnlr1-/-), both the IFN-λ and the IFN-αβ receptor (Ifnar1-/- Ifnlr1-/-), or IFN-λ cytokines (Ifnl2/3-/-) and found that IFN-λ restricts the severity of HSV-1 and HSV-2 skin lesions, independent of a direct effect on viral load. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that IFN-λ signaling in both keratinocytes and neutrophils was necessary to control HSV-1 skin lesion severity, and that IFN-λ signaling in keratinocytes suppressed CXCL9-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the skin. Furthermore, depleting neutrophils prevented the development of severe HSV-1 skin lesions in Ifnlr1-/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that IFN-λ plays an immunomodulatory role in the skin that restricts neutrophil-mediated pathology during HSV infection, and suggest potential applications for IFN-λ in treating viral skin infections.
2023-09-12 | GSE242170 | GEO
Project description:We hypothesize that human RIPK3 deficiency does not result in impairment of type I IFN mediated antiviral immunity, contrasting with the situation in deficiencies of the TLR3-IFNAR1 circuit. To test the cellular responses to HSV1 at the wide transcriptome level, bulk RNA sequencing was performed with human primary fibroblasts without or with HSV-1 infection for 24 hours, in cells from healthy controls, RIPK3 HSE patient and other patients with recessive TLR3, IFNAR1 or NEMO deficiency.
2023-03-29 | GSE228495 | GEO
Project description:Treating inflammatory diseases with Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) inhibitors bears the risk that patients acquire viral infections due to unwanted immune suppression. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a JAK family member, is required for type I interferon (IFN-α/β) signaling, but its role in type III IFN (IFN-λ) signaling is still under debate. We found that the selective TYK2 inhibitor BMS-986165 blocked potentially noxious type I IFN signaling without altering IFN-λ-mediated gene expression. We show that epithelial cells do not require TYK2 for IFN-λ-mediated signaling or antiviral protection. Lack of TYK2 diminished IFN-α-induced protection against lethal influenza virus infection of mice, but did not impair IFN-λ-mediated antiviral protection. Our findings suggest that selective TYK2 inhibitors likely represent a superior treatment option for type I interferonopathies than broadly acting JAK1/2 inhibitors, as selective TYK2 inhibitors may counteract inflammatory responses without abolishing the beneficial antiviral effects of IFN-λ.
2021-04-09 | GSE146102 | GEO
Project description:Treating inflammatory diseases with Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) inhibitors bears the risk that patients acquire viral infections due to unwanted immune suppression. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a JAK family member, is required for type I interferon (IFN-α/β) signaling, but its role in type III IFN (IFN-λ) signaling is still under debate. We found that the selective TYK2 inhibitor BMS-986165 blocked potentially noxious type I IFN signaling without altering IFN-λ-mediated gene expression. We show that epithelial cells do not require TYK2 for IFN-λ-mediated signaling or antiviral protection. Lack of TYK2 diminished IFN-α-induced protection against lethal influenza virus infection of mice, but did not impair IFN-λ-mediated antiviral protection. Our findings suggest that selective TYK2 inhibitors likely represent a superior treatment option for type I interferonopathies than broadly acting JAK1/2 inhibitors, as selective TYK2 inhibitors may counteract inflammatory responses without abolishing the beneficial antiviral effects of IFN-λ.
2021-04-09 | GSE146103 | GEO
Project description:To induce chronic IFN-I activation, we injected wildtype and Ifnar1–/– mice with five treatments of DMXAA, a STING agonist, followed by snRNA-seq analysis of hippocampal tissues. In wildtype mice, we showed that microglia had the strongest IFN response to STING activation of all cell types. Ablation of interferon alpha and beta receptor 1 (IFNAR1) abolished microglial IFN-I response and suppression of neuronal MEF2C transcriptional network
2023-04-26 | GSE226382 | GEO
Project description:Clinical applications of human interferon (IFN)-alpha have met with varying degrees of success. Nevertheless, key molecules in IFN-alpha-induced cell death have not been clearly identified. Our previous study indicated that IFN (alpha, beta and omega) receptor (IFNAR) 1/2- and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 9-RNA interference (RNAi) completely inhibited the antiproliferative (AP) activity of IFN-alpha in human ovarian adenocarcinoma OVCAR3 cells sensitive to IFN-alpha., followed by transcription of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Here, IFNAR1/2- and IRF9-RNAi inhibited the gene expression of TRAIL, but not of Fas ligand (FasL), following IFN-alpha treatment. In fact, TRAIL but not FasL inhibited the proliferation of OVCAR3 cells. IFN-alpha notably up-regulated the levels of TRAIL protein in the supernatant and on the membrane of OVCAR3 cells. Following TRAIL signaling, Caspase 8 inhibitor and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID)-RNAi significantly abrogated both AP activities of IFN-alpha and TRAIL. Furthermore, BID-RNAi prevented both IFN-alpha and TRAIL from collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m). Finally, we provide important new evidence that BID overexpression led to a major enhancement of both AP activities of IFN-alpha and TRAIL in human lung carcinoma A549 cells resistant to IFN-alpha. Thus, this study suggests that BID is crucial in IFN-alpha-induced cell death, indicating a notable potential to be a targeted therapy for IFN-alpha resistant tumors. Biological replicate samples were created by treating OVCAR3 cells with IFN-alpha2c (n=8); IFNAR1-RNAi and IFN-alpha2c (n=4); IFNAR2-RNAi and IFN-alpha2c (n=5); ISGF3gamma-RNAi and IFN-alpha2c (n=3); and Negative RNAi and IFN-alpha2c (n=3). For analysis, the eight IFN-alpha2c treated OVCAR3 samples were paired with an untreated OVCAR3 control sample. The 15 RNAi treated OVCAR3 samples were paired with a Negative RNAi control sample.
2012-05-21 | E-GEOD-29790 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Type I interferon (IFN), namely IFN- α, and B cell aberrations are long recognized in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. Type I IFN receptor blockade has undergone clinical trials in SLE with varying degrees of success. Type III IFN (IFN-λ) produce a gene signature currently indistinguishable from that of type I in responsive cell types. IFN-λ are not blocked by type I IFN receptor blockade as they utilize a unique receptor (IFNLR1). Type III IFN are appreciated to have an important role in viral infection at epithelial barriers where IFNLR1 is strongly expressed. The effects of IFN-λ on immune cells remain understudied and are different between human and murine models. We have previously shown that human B cells can transcribe type I IFN genes after IFN-λ treatment including those associated with SLE. We have found that IFN-λ is detected in the serum of human SLE patients and correlates with IgD- CD27- CD21- CD24- (DN2) B cells, a compartment which contains CD11c+ age/autoimmunity B cells (ABC). ABC are a target of interest as recent studies suggest they are poised for plasma cell differentiation and enriched in autoreactivity and thus have the potential to contribute to SLE pathogenesis. Results: Naïve and DN cells display a prominent type I IFN gene expression profile in SLE. Transcript for type I, type II, and type III IFN receptors (IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNLR1, and IL10RB) are detected in HD and SLE B cells. CD11c+ CD21- frequency increased in DN compared to naïve B cells for SLE and HD (both p< 0.001). The mean and range of CD11c+ CD21- frequency was higher in SLE DN (30.7± 9.5%, mean±SEM; range 4.8-74.7%) compared to HD DN (7.6%±1.0%,3.6-9.4%). Increased IFNLR1 transcript correlated with CD11c+ CD21- B cell expansion (r2=0.922, p<0.0001). Increased pSTAT1 after IFN-α2 treatment is found in monocytes, T cells, and B cells but only in the B cells after IFN-λ1 treatment. Naïve, DN, switched, and unswitched memory HD B cells are responsive to type I and type III IFN, but demonstrated a higher pSTAT1 fold change with type I IFN treatment compared to type III IFN. In all B cell subsets, CD11c+ cells had a higher pSTAT1 fold change after IFN-λ1 stimulation than did CD11c- B cells. In HD with well-defined populations of CD11c+ CD21- DN cells, pSTAT1 fold change for IFN-λ approached that of IFN-α2. Conclusions: All human B cell subsets defined by CD27 and IgD respond to IFN-α and IFN-λ, but those expressing CD11c+ have increased responsiveness to IFN-λ. CD11c+ cells expand in SLE and associate with autoreactive plasma cell development. Thus, the role of IFN-λ may take on increased clinical significance in the setting type I IFN receptor blockade. These results suggest IFN-λ is an underappreciated driver of the IFN signature and B cell aberrations in SLE.
2021-08-28 | GSE175913 | GEO