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Whole genome sequencing reveals that variants in the Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3′UTR protect against ALS

ABSTRACT: The non-coding genome is substantially larger than the protein-coding genome, but has been largely unexplored by genetic association studies. Here, we performed region-based rare-variant association analysis of >25,000 variants in untranslated regions of 6,139 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) whole-genomes and those of 70,403 non-ALS controls. We identified Interleukin-18 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL18RAP) 3′UTR variants as significantly enriched in non-ALS genomes and associated with five-fold reduced risk of developing ALS, and this was replicated in an independent cohort. These variants in the IL18RAP 3′UTR reduce mRNA stability and the binding of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins. Finally, the variants of IL18RAP 3′UTR confer a survival advantage for motor neurons because they dampen neurotoxicity of human iPSC-derived microglia bearing an ALS-associated expansion in C9orf72, and this depends on NF-κB signaling. This study reveals genetic variants that protect against ALS by reducing neuroinflammation, and emphasizes the importance of non-coding genetic association studies.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE186757 | GEO | 2022/02/09

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Most loci identified in genome wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits reside in non-coding DNA and may contribute to phenotype via changes in gene regulation. The discovery of expression quantitative trait loci (?eQTLs?) can thus be used to more precisely identify modest but real disease associations and provide insights into their underlying molecular mechanisms. This is particularly true for analyses of expression in non-transformed cells from tissues relevant to the complex traits of interest. We have conducted two independent studies to identify genetic, including both SNPs and copy-number variants, and environmental determinants of human liver gene expression variation. We analyzed two sets of primary livers (primary dataset: n=220; replication dataset: n=60) using Agilent and Illumina expression arrays and Illumina SNP genotyping (550K). At least 30% of genetic and non-genetic factors that meet genome-wide significance (p <1 x10-9) in one study fail to replicate in the second study, suggesting that artifacts, like unknown SNPs that affect RNA-probe hybridization or hidden confounding variables, often result in statistically significant but biologically irrelevant correlations. These data confirm the value of independent replications to enrich for truly predictive eQTLs, and given our study design we are able to identify hundreds of reproducible correlations. We show that such information can be used to provide insights into disease-relevant phenotypes, with specific examples including eQTLs related to lipid levels (e.g. LDL cholesterol), immune system function (e.g. HLA), and drug response (e.g. warfarin). Furthermore, in the interest of both fine-mapping and mechanistic annotation, we hypothesized that promoters and 3?UTRs are enriched for causal eQTL variants. Therefore, we re-sequenced the promoter and 3?UTR regions of 25 genes with eQTLs, cloned each discovered haplotype, and quantified their impact on transcription using a luciferase-based assay. These data reveal multiple examples of robust, haplotype-specific in vitro functional differences that correlate directly with in vivo expression levels. This suggests that many eQTLs can be rapidly fine-mapped to one or a few single-nucleotide variants and mechanistically characterized using such assays. Integration of functional assays with eQTL discovery, and eQTLs with complex trait associations, is a powerful means to exploit GWAS data and improve their biological interpretability. RNA expression levels were quantified on Illumina gene expression microarrays for 60 normal human livers. Expression quantitative trait loci were identified by genome wide association mapping.

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Whole genome sequencing reveals that variants in the Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3′UTR protect against ALS

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