Deciphering risperidone-induced lipogenesis by network pharmacology and molecular validation
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ABSTRACT: Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic that can cause substantial weight gain. The pharmacological targets and molecular mechanisms related to risperidone-induced lipogenesis (RIL) remain to be elucidated. Therefore, network pharmacology and further experimental validation were undertaken to explore the action mechanisms of RIL. In this study, RIL was systematically analyzed using integrating multiple databases through integrated network pharmacology, transcriptomics, molecular docking, and molecular experiment analysis. The potential signaling pathways for RIL were identified and experimentally validated using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Our experimental data showed that Risperidone promotes adipocyte differentiate and lipid accumulation. And network pharmacology and GO analyses showed that risperidone induced adipocyte metabolism, differentiation, and lipid accumulation related functions. Intersecting analysis, molecular docking, and pathway validation analysis indicated that risperidone activated adipocytokine signaling pathway related genes by targeting MAPK14 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14), MAPK8 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), and RXRA (Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha), thereby inhibiting long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation by suppressing STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression and phosphorylation. This study suggested that Risperidone increases adipocyte lipid accumulation by plausible inhibiting long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation through targeting MAPK14, MAPK8, and RXRA.
Project description:Adipose tissue is important for systemic metabolic homeostasis in response to environmental changes, and adipogenesis involves dynamic transcriptional regulation. DNA methylation on cytosine (C) of CpG (5mC) is an abundant epigenetic modification that mediates genomic imprinting and regulates gene expression. TET family enzymes (TET1, TET2 and TET3) oxidize the 5mC in DNA to 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC), which associates with transcriptional activation. Through a phenotypic screen, we found TET inhibition decreased adipocyte differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Comparing with the undifferentiated MSCs, the differentiated adipocytes exhibited much higher levels of 5hmC and slightly increased 5fC and 5caC. Higher 5hmC associated with better differentiation at single cell level. TET1 is upregulated in differentiation and depletion of it significantly impaired the gain of 5hmC. Furthermore, Tet1 depletion significantly hampered the adipocyte differentiation in vitro and adipose tissue maintenance in vivo. Using RNA-seq, 5mC and 5hmC-DNA immunoprecipitation, we found that Tet1 knockout led to decreased expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and fat cell differentiation. Genes with loss of 5mC or gain of 5hmC in adipocytes include Lipe, Bmp4 and Rxra etc. Rxra is one of the critical TET1 modulated genes for adipose development, as RXRα agonist partially rescued the inhibitory effect of Tet1 knockout. Together, TET1-mediated active DNA demethylation plays an important role in adipose tissue.
Project description:Adipose tissue is important for systemic metabolic homeostasis in response to environmental changes, and adipogenesis involves dynamic transcriptional regulation. DNA methylation on cytosine (C) of CpG (5mC) is an abundant epigenetic modification that mediates genomic imprinting and regulates gene expression. TET family enzymes (TET1, TET2 and TET3) oxidize the 5mC in DNA to 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC), which associates with transcriptional activation. Through a phenotypic screen, we found TET inhibition decreased adipocyte differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Comparing with the undifferentiated MSCs, the differentiated adipocytes exhibited much higher levels of 5hmC and slightly increased 5fC and 5caC. Higher 5hmC associated with better differentiation at single cell level. TET1 is upregulated in differentiation and depletion of it significantly impaired the gain of 5hmC. Furthermore, Tet1 depletion significantly hampered the adipocyte differentiation in vitro and adipose tissue maintenance in vivo. Using RNA-seq, 5mC and 5hmC-DNA immunoprecipitation, we found that Tet1 knockout led to decreased expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and fat cell differentiation. Genes with loss of 5mC or gain of 5hmC in adipocytes include Lipe, Bmp4 and Rxra etc. Rxra is one of the critical TET1 modulated genes for adipose development, as RXRα agonist partially rescued the inhibitory effect of Tet1 knockout. Together, TET1-mediated active DNA demethylation plays an important role in adipose tissue.
Project description:Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are essential for eukaryotic cells to integrate and respond to diverse stimuli. Maintaining specificity in signaling through MAPK networks is key to coupling distinct inputs to appropriate cellular responses. Docking sites—short linear motifs found in MAPK substrates, regulators, and scaffolds—can promote signaling specificity through selective interactions, but how they do so remains unresolved. Here, we screened a proteomic library for sequences interacting with the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and p38α, identifying selective and promiscuous docking motifs. Sequences specific for p38α had high net charge and lysine content, and selective binding depended on a pair of acidic residues unique to the p38α docking interface. Finally, we validated a set of full-length proteins harboring docking sites selected in our screens to be authentic MAPK interactors and substrates. This study identifies features that help define MAPK signaling networks and explains how specific docking motifs promote signaling integrity.
Project description:We performed a pharmacotranscriptomic analysis of a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH) exposed to risperidone to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular response to risperidone and thus identify candidate genes for pharmacogenetic studies. This study is a part of a convergent functional genomic approach that plans to integrate the data presented here with: data from gene expression analysis of experimental animal brain under treatment with risperidone; and data from gene expression analysis of peripheral blood from first psychotic patients treated with risperidone. Gene expression was assessed by microarray (Human Genome U219 Array) in cells treated with risperidone 10 µM at 6, 24 and 48 h
Project description:We performed a pharmacotranscriptomic analysis of a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH) exposed to risperidone to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular response to risperidone and thus identify candidate genes for pharmacogenetic studies. This study is a part of a convergent functional genomic approach that plans to integrate the data presented here with: data from gene expression analysis of experimental animal brain under treatment with risperidone; and data from gene expression analysis of peripheral blood from first psychotic patients treated with risperidone.
Project description:To identify potential candidate genes for future pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotic (AP)-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), we used gene expression arrays to analyze changes induced by risperidone in mice strains with different susceptibility to EPS This study is a part of a convergent functional genomic approach that plans to integrate the data presented here with: data from gene expression analysis of neuroblastoma cell line under treatment with risperidone; and data from gene expression analysis of peripheral blood from first psychotic patients treated with risperidone. Gene expression was assessed by microarray (Affymetrix GeneChip® Arrays MG 430 PM) in mice treated with risperidone 1mg/kg for three consecutive days
Project description:To identify potential candidate genes for future pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotic (AP)-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), we used gene expression arrays to analyze changes induced by risperidone in mice strains with different susceptibility to EPS This study is a part of a convergent functional genomic approach that plans to integrate the data presented here with: data from gene expression analysis of neuroblastoma cell line under treatment with risperidone; and data from gene expression analysis of peripheral blood from first psychotic patients treated with risperidone.
Project description:Myogenesis is governed by signalling networks whose regulations are tightly controlled in a time-dependent manner. While different protein kinases have been identified to regulate various aspects of myogenesis, knowledge on the global signalling networks and their downstream substrates during myogenesis remains incomplete. Here, we map the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells using mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics and proteomics. From these data, we infer global kinase activity and predict substrates of key kinases that are involved in myogenesis. We found that multiple mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mark the initial wave of signalling cascades. Further phosphoproteomic and proteomic profiling with MAPK1/3 and MAPK8/9 specific inhibitions unveil their shared and distinctive roles on myogenesis.