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Measuring anti-islet autoimmunity in mouse and human by profiling peripheral blood antigen specific CD4 T cells [TCR-Seq]

ABSTRACT: The endocrine pancreas is one of the most inaccessible organs of the human body. Its autoimmune attack leads to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a genetically susceptible population and a lifelong need for exogenous insulin replacement. Monitoring disease progression by sampling peripheral blood would provide key insights into T1D immune-mediated mechanisms and potentially change preclinical diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. This effort has been limited to the measurement of circulating anti-islet antibodies, which despite a recognized diagnostic value, remain poorly predictive at the individual level for a fundamentally CD4 T cell-dependent disease. Here, peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramers were used to profile blood anti-insulin CD4 T cells in mice and human. While percentages of these were not directly informative, the state of activation of anti-insulin T cells measured by RNA and protein profiling was able to distinguish normalcy versus disease progression. Activated anti-insulin CD4 T cell were detected at time of diagnosis but also in patients with established disease and in some at-risk individuals. These results support the concept that antigen specific CD4 T cells might be used to monitor autoimmunity in real time. This advance can inform our approach to T1D diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in the pre-clinical phase of anti-islet autoimmunity.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE235666 | GEO | 2023/07/06

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Like humans, the NOD mouse and other diabetes susceptible rat strains, T1D in BB rats is dependent on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus locus 1, Iddm1) located on chromosome 20. In rats this is the HLA-DQB1 homologue RT1-B, specifically the RT1u haplotype. Our studies employ congenic derivatives of the BB rat, the DRlyp/lyp and DR+/+ strains, which differ only by the 2 Mb lyp (lymphopenia, Iddm2) region on chromosome 4. TID in the lymphopenic DRlyp/lyp rat is spontaneous and onset occurs in 100% of animals during adolescence (65.3+/-6.3 days) due to a recessive mutation within GIMAP5 (GTPase, IMAP family member 5). Gimap5 is a mitochondrial GTP-binding protein necessary for post-thymic T cell survival. The spontaneously diabetic phenotype observed in DRlyp/lyp rats is thought to be elicited through deficiency in CD4+CD25+ TREG cells as T1D in lymphopenic BB rats can be rescued through adoptive transfer of this population. Genetic variation in GIMAP5 has been associated with the development of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-2 (IA-2) autoantibodies in human T1D [28] and is significantly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The non-lymphopenic DR+/+ strain possesses wild-type GIMAP5 alleles and does not develop spontaneous T1D, however, T1D is inducible through administration of lymphotoxic anti-RT6 monoclonal antibody and immune activating polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C; a ligand of toll-like receptor 3), or through viral depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (TREG) cells. Such treatments do not induce T1D in the related Wistar-Furth (WF) rats and suggest the presence of an underlying diabetic predisposition in BB rats that is phenotypically manifested upon loss of immune regulation. DRlyp/lyp and DR+/+ rats possess characteristics that make them ideal for the identification of pathways relevant to the development of T1D since they possess absolute or conditional susceptibility to T1D. The Gimap-/- Iddm2 locus conveys upon DRlyp/lyp rats a deficiency in immune regulatory capacity and the spontaneous T1D phenotype. Consistent with the concept that autoimmunity involves both a lack of self-tolerance as well as target organ-specific factors, we have discovered that DRlyp/lyp and DR+/+ (BB) rats share an islet specific stress. This is reflected by the expression of immune mediators, including the chemokine eotaxin that recruits eosinophils, certain T cell subsets, dendritic cells, and mast cells, by islet Î² cells early in life, before infiltration of immune cells into the islet (insulitis). While BB and WF rats share Iddm1 (RT1u/u MHC), islet eotaxin expression in not observed in WF islets and thus is associated with the T1D susceptibility of BB rats. Further supporting the hypothesis that additional genetic factors, perhaps those working at the level of the pancreatic Î² cell, are necessary for the development of T1D are the observations that 1) The generation Fischer 344 (F344) rats either homozygous for Gimap5-/- or homozygous for both RT1u/u and Gimap5-/- fail to develop T1D; and 2) genetic crosses between BB rats and non diabetic strains have identified numerous Iddm loci independent of Iddm1 and Iddm2. In this study, using islet gene expression profiling, direct serum-level measurement, quantitative real-time PCR and targeted histological follow-up, we investigate pancreatic islet gene expression in BB rat at 5 weeks (+/-5 days) which is prior to insulitis in DRlyp/lyp rats. We compare DR+/+, JB++, JBlyp/lyp and DRlyp/lyp islet activity to that of WF and F344 rats to investigate any potential for reduction in capability to deal with oxidative stress in BB rats compared to non-BB and whether any differences in that capability map to known Iddm regions.

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Measuring anti-islet autoimmunity in mouse and human by profiling peripheral blood antigen specific CD4 T cells [TCR-Seq]

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