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Ikaros is a principal regulator of Aire+ mTEC homeostasis, thymic mimetic cell diversity, and central tolerance [Ikaros scATAC-seq]

ABSTRACT: The zinc-finger transcription factor Ikaros (Ikzf1) modulates key gene expression programs important for hematopoietic development, and coding mutations in IKZF1 are found in patients with immunodeficiency, leukemia, and autoimmunity. While Ikaros has a well-established function in hematopoiesis, its role in other cell types is less well defined. Here, we uncover new functions for Ikaros in thymic epithelial lineage development and show that Ikzf1 expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is required for both Autoimmune Regulator positive (Aire+) mTEC development and tissue-specific antigen (TSA) gene expression. Accordingly, TEC-specific deletion of Ikzf1 in mice results in a profound decrease in Aire+ mTECs, a global loss of TSA gene expression, and the development of autoimmunity. Moreover, Ikaros shapes thymic mimetic cell diversity and its deletion results in a dramatic expansion of thymic tuft cells and muscle-like mTECs and a loss of other Aire-dependent mimetic populations. Single-cell analysis reveals Ikaros modulates core transcriptional programs in TECs that correlate with the observed cellular changes. Our findings highlight a previously undescribed role for Ikaros in regulating epithelial lineage development and function, and suggest that failed thymic central tolerance could contribute to the autoimmunity seen in humans with IKZF1 mutations.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE238149 | GEO | 2023/10/25

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Ikaros is a principal regulator of Aire+ mTEC homeostasis, thymic mimetic cell diversity, and central tolerance (scRNA seq)

Project description:The zinc-finger transcription factor Ikaros (Ikzf1) modulates key gene expression programs important for hematopoietic development, and coding mutations in IKZF1 are found in patients with immunodeficiency, leukemia, and autoimmunity. While Ikaros has a well-established function in hematopoiesis, its role in other cell types is less well defined. Here, we uncover new functions for Ikaros in thymic epithelial lineage development and show that Ikzf1 expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is required for both Autoimmune Regulator positive (Aire+) mTEC development and tissue-specific antigen (TSA) gene expression. Accordingly, TEC-specific deletion of Ikzf1 in mice results in a profound decrease in Aire+ mTECs, a global loss of TSA gene expression, and the development of autoimmunity. Moreover, Ikaros shapes thymic mimetic cell diversity and its deletion results in a dramatic expansion of thymic tuft cells and muscle-like mTECs and a loss of other Aire-dependent mimetic populations. Single-cell analysis reveals Ikaros modulates core transcriptional programs in TECs that correlate with the observed cellular changes. Our findings highlight a previously undescribed role for Ikaros in regulating epithelial lineage development and function, and suggest that failed thymic central tolerance could contribute to the autoimmunity seen in humans with IKZF1 mutations.

2023-10-25 | GSE241742 | GEO

Ikaros is a principal regulator of Aire+ mTEC homeostasis, thymic mimetic cell diversity, and central tolerance [Pou2f3 RNA-seq]

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Ikaros is a principal regulator of Aire+ mTEC homeostasis, thymic mimetic cell diversity, and central tolerance [Tuft cell RNA-seq]

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Identification of a novel Aire-regulating cis-regulatory element using H3K27ac ChIP-seq

Project description:Thymic central tolerance is essential to preventing autoimmunity. In medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), the Autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays an essential role in this process by driving the expression of a diverse set of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs), which are presented and help tolerize self-reactive thymocytes. Interestingly, Aire has a highly tissue-restricted pattern of expression, with only mTECs and peripheral extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) known to express detectable levels in adults. Despite this high level of tissue specificity, the cis-regulatory elements that control Aire expression have remained obscure. We used sequence conservation analysis and ChIP-seq against the enhancer-associated histone mark H3K27ac to identify a candidate Aire cis-regulatory element. There is enrichment of H3K27ac near this element, ACNS1, in mTECs and the element also has characteristics of being NF-ÎºB-responsive. Finally, we find that this element is essential for Aire expression in vivo and necessary to prevent spontaneous autoimmunity, reflecting the importance of this regulatory DNA element in promoting immune tolerance. Two experimental groups (GFP neg mTECs and GFP pos mTECs), each with three samples, and one control sample (D10 Th2 cells).

2015-10-23 | E-GEOD-74257 | biostudies-arrayexpress

In-depth profiling of transcriptional activity of Aire in mouse mTECs

Project description:Aire, a transcriptional regulator whose defect results in the development of autoimmunity, controls the transcriptome in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) including the genes for self-antigens. Here, we utilized a technique for profiling transcriptome from a single cell (RamDA-seq) to investigate bulk populations in mTECs deeply.

2023-01-07 | GSE222285 | GEO

Functionally diverse thymic medullary epithelial cells interplay to direct central tolerance

Project description:Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are essential for the establishment of self-tolerance in T cells. Promiscuous gene expression by a subpopulation of mTECs regulated by nuclear protein Aire contributes to the display of self-genomic products to newly generated T cells. Recent reports have highlighted additional self-antigen-displaying mTEC subpopulations; namely, Fezf2-expressing mTECs and a mosaic of self-mimetic mTECs including thymic tuft cells. In addition, a functionally different subset of mTECs produces chemokine CCL21 that attracts developing thymocytes to the medullary region. Here we report that CCL21+ mTECs and Aire+ mTECs non-redundantly cooperate to direct self-tolerance to prevent autoimmune pathology by optimizing the deletion of self-reactive T cells and the generation of regulatory T cells. We also detected a cooperation for self-tolerance between Aire and Fezf2, which unexpectedly regulates thymic tuft cells. Our results indicate an indispensable interplay among functionally diverse mTECs for the establishment of central self-tolerance.

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Functionally diverse thymic medullary epithelial cells interplay to direct central tolerance II

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Identification of a novel Aire-regulating cis-regulatory element using H3K27ac ChIP-seq

Project description:Thymic central tolerance is essential to preventing autoimmunity. In medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), the Autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays an essential role in this process by driving the expression of a diverse set of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs), which are presented and help tolerize self-reactive thymocytes. Interestingly, Aire has a highly tissue-restricted pattern of expression, with only mTECs and peripheral extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) known to express detectable levels in adults. Despite this high level of tissue specificity, the cis-regulatory elements that control Aire expression have remained obscure. We used sequence conservation analysis and ChIP-seq against the enhancer-associated histone mark H3K27ac to identify a candidate Aire cis-regulatory element. There is enrichment of H3K27ac near this element, ACNS1, in mTECs and the element also has characteristics of being NF-κB-responsive. Finally, we find that this element is essential for Aire expression in vivo and necessary to prevent spontaneous autoimmunity, reflecting the importance of this regulatory DNA element in promoting immune tolerance.

2015-10-23 | GSE74257 | GEO

Transcriptional regulation by Aire in medullary thymic epithelial cells revisited

Project description:The deficiency of Aire, a transcriptional regulator whose defect results in the development of autoimmunity, is associated with reduced expression of tissue-restricted self-Ags (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Although the mechanisms underlying Aire-dependent expression of TRAs need to be explored, the physical identification of the target(s) of Aire has been hampered by the low and promiscuous expression of TRAs. We have tackled this issue by engineering mice with augmented Aire expression. Integration of the transcriptomic data from Aire-augmented and Aire-deficient mTECs revealed that a large proportion of so-called Aire-dependent genes, including those of TRAs, may not be direct transcriptional targets downstream of Aire. Rather, Aire induces TRA expression indirectly through controlling the heterogeneity of mTECs, as revealed by single-cell analyses. In contrast, Ccl25 emerged as a canonical target of Aire, and we verified this both in vitro and in vivo. Our approach has illuminated the Aire?s primary targets while distinguishing them from the secondary targets.

2021-10-13 | GSE155331 | GEO

Aire suppresses CTLA-4 expression from thymic stroma to control autoimmunity

Project description:We show that thymic epithelial cells in the medulla (mTECs) that present self-antigens (self-Ags) to developing thymocytes for establishing immunological self-tolerance also express CTLA-4 if Aire, loss of which is responsible for the hereditary autoimmunity, is nonfunctional. Upon binding with its ligand, CD80 and CD86, expressed on thymic DCs, CTLA-4/ligand complex was internalized by Aire-deficient mTECs. This attenuated the ability of DCs to provide costimulatory signals and to present self-Ags, resulting in the reduced production of Tregs.

2022-03-21 | GSE155082 | GEO

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