Macrophages reside in the muscle spindle to control sensorimotor function at millisecond timescale
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
PROVIDER: GSE244351 | GEO | 2024/10/08
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:The stretch reflex is a fundamental component of the motor system to orchestrate the coordinated muscle contractions underlying movement. At the heart of this process lie the muscle spindles (MS), specialized receptors finely attuned to fluctuations in tension within intrafusal muscle fibers. The tension variation in the MS triggers a series of neuronal events: an initial depolarization of sensory type Ia afferents that subsequently causes the activation of motoneurons within the spinal cord. This neuronal cascade culminates in the execution of muscle contraction, underscoring a presumed closed-loop mechanism between the muscular and nervous systems. In contrast, surprisingly here we report the discovery of a new population of macrophages with exclusive molecular and functional signatures within the muscle spindle that express the machinery for synthesizing and releasing glutamate. Using mouse intersectional genetics with optogenetics and electrophysiology, we show that muscle spindle macrophages (MSMP) activation drives proprioceptive sensory neurons firing at millisecond timescale with subsequent activation of spinal circuitries, motor neurons, and muscles by a glutamate-dependent mechanism. Additionally, we found that MSMP can also respond to the activation of the stretch reflex circuitry by increasing the expression of glutaminase, allowing them to convert the glutamine released by myocytes during muscle contraction into glutamate. Our results identified a new cellular component, the MSMP, that directly regulates neural activity and muscle contraction. The glutamate-mediated signalling of MSMP and their dynamic response to sensory cues introduces a novel dimension to our understanding of sensation and motor action, potentially offering innovative therapeutic approaches in conditions that affect sensory-motor function.
2024-10-08 | GSE246400 | GEO
Project description:Muscle spindles are skeletal muscle stretch receptors that mediate axial and limb position sensation (proprioception) to the central nervous system. Defective proprioception, often characterized by gait ataxia and poor coordination, is present in a variety of human sensory and motor neuropathies having diverse etiologies. Spindles contain specialized intrafusal muscle fibers that are induced during development by sensory innervation. The molecular events mediating the morphogenetic induction process are poorly characterized but depend upon neuregulins and their cognate ErbB receptor signaling. Recently, we demonstrated that the transcription factor Egr3 is induced and regulated by intrafusal muscle fiber sensory innervation during spindle induction. Moreover, Egr3-deficient mice have impaired spindle morphogenesis and profound gait ataxia. Thus, Egr3 mediated transcription is critical for muscle stretch receptor development and potentially for myotube fate specification.,Egr3 may mediate spindle morphogenesis induced by Neuregulin/ErbB signaling after myotubes are contacted by sensory axons during development. As a starting point for understanding the specific role for Egr3 in this process, we will use a genome wide expression analysis to identify genes regulated (either directly or indirectly) by Egr3 in primary myotubes. It is not practical to examine Egr3 mediated gene expression directly within spindles since they comprise less than 0.1% of the muscle mass. Therefore, gene expression analysis will be examined in primary myotubes grown in vitro. Primary myoblasts isolated from mice and differentiated in vitro are biochemically most similar to extrafusal muscle fibers which do not express Egr3. To identify genes regulated by Egr3 in myotubes, gene expression in myotubes enforced to express full length Egr3 will be compared to gene expression in myotubes enforced to express truncated (transcriptionally inactive) Egr3.,Egr3-deficient mice lack muscle spindles and have profound proprioceptive deficits. Egr3 is specifically expressed in a subset of developing primary myotubes after innervation by sensory axons. Spindle induction is dependent upon sensory/myotube contact which involves sensory axon produced neuregulin and ErbB receptor signaling in the myotube. Shortly after or during induction, Egr3 expression is upregulated and maintained in the nascent myotube/spindle as one of the earliest molecular events know to occur during spindle morphogenesis. We hypothesize that Egr3 mediated transcription is critical for engaging gene programs specific to and essential for, muscle spindle formation. Moreover, Egr3 may be involved in fate specification of myotubes that develop into biochemically and physiologically distinct intrafusal muscle fibers within spindles. To date, the target genes regulated by Egr3 during spindle morphogenesis have not been characterized.,Myoblasts from wild type newborn mice will be isolated and purified. Myoblasts will be plated on collagen coated plates and differentiated in vitro for 7 days. During in vitro differentiation, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myotubes that exhibit contractile properties. Egr3 is not expressed in myotubes in vitro, which is consistent with their similarity to extrafusal muscle fibers that also do not express Egr3 in vivo. Only intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles express high levels of Egr3 in this muscle fiber context. Adenoviruses that express full length Egr3 (Egr3wt; transcriptionally active) and truncated Egr3 (Egr3tr; transcriptionally inactive) have been generated and characterized in our laboratory. After 7 days of in vitro differentiation, primary myotubes will be infected with either Egr3wt or Egr3tr adenoviruses. 100% infection is routinely obtained which is confirmed by coexpression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Care will be taken to minimize viral induced toxicity of the myotubes after infection. Myotubes are maintained after infection for 24 hours, after which total RNA is extracted from the cell lysates. The two RNA samples will be used for microarray analysis to identify genes that are upregulated and downregulated by Egr3 in the myotube cellular context. We will repeat the infection, RNA isolation and microarray analysis three times to minimize identifying false positive differentially expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes will be confirmed using real-time PCR. Interesting differentially expressed genes will be examined by in situ hybridization to determine if they are specifically expressed in wild type spindles. Since the identified differentially expressed genes will represent both indirect and direct target genes, we will perform Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) from Egr3wt infected myotubes and screen the ChIP DNA library by PCR to determine which gene promoters are directly bound by Egr3.
2007-07-07 | E-GEOD-1998 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Egr3 is a zinc-finger transcription factor involved in growth and development. Egr3-deficient mice have severe sensory ataxia due to failed development of muscle spindle stretch receptors. Sensory and motor neurons that normally innervate spindles are absent in Egr3-deficient mice, presumably as a secondary consequence to the loss of trophic signals produced by spindles during development that are required for innervation and neuron survival. The molecular mechanisms involving motor neuron fate specification, target derived growth factor dependencies, and specification of target innervation have been difficult to study since select markers for functionally specific motor neurons are very poorly characterized. A more thorough understanding of the molecular mediators of motor neuron biology will be important to evaluate the efficacy of new strategies devised to thwart neuron death that occurs in a variety of human motor neuronopathies and neuropathies. To identify genes specifically expressed by spinal cord fusimotor neurons: Many motor neuron specific genes have been described over the years. However, none have been described that distinguish fusimotor neurons from skeletomotor neurons despite the fact that they have distinct muscle targets (muscle spindle stretch receptors) and comprise 25-30% of the spinal motor neuron populations. Since these motor neurons have remarkably different target innervation and function, we hypothesize that they express genes that establish their specific phenotypes during development. We hypothesize that fusimotor neurons can be distinguished in the spinal cord by characterizing fusimotor neuron specific gene expression. Once fusimotor neuron specific genes are identified, they will be used as markers to identify fusimotor neurons in complex neuroglial cell populations in vivo and in vitro. We hypothesize that by characterizing fusimotor neuron specific genes, unique marker molecules will be identified for in vivo and in vitro study of this functionally distinct and important motor neuron subtype. Moreover, we hypothesize that many of the genes that are specifically expressed by fusimotor neurons will be involved in mechanisms related to their fate specification, target innervation and growth factor dependent biology. We will use the Affymetrix microarray platform to identify genes that are specifically expressed by fusimotor neurons in mouse spinal cord. The differential expression analysis will be performed on microdissected segments of spinal cord (L3-L5) from wild type and Egr3-deficient mice. Postnatal Egr3-deficient mice lack muscle spindles and fusimotor neurons in their spinal cords. By comparing gene expression from microdissected segments of spinal cord (L3-L5) between wild type and Egr3-deficient mice, we hypothesize that fusimotor neuron selective genes can be identified. We will microdissect L3-L5 segments of spinal cord using precise anatomical landmarks to ensure that comparable spinal cord regions are anlayzed from each animal. For each microarray experiment, total RNA will be extracted from L3-L5 cords (approximately 2 mm length of spinal cord). The integrity of each RNA sample will be verified by gel electrophoresis. The intact RNA samples from mice of similar genotype will be pooled from three (3) 27-day old animals. The intact cord dissection is easier in young animals (eg: 27-day old) and the phenotype is known to exist at this developmental stage. The RNA from each animal of a similar genotype will be pooled into a single sample to minimize false positive gene calls that may represent genes related to the specific state of vigilance of a particular animal at the time of sacrifice (eg: activity dependent genes). Thus, each of the two RNA samples to be analyzed for a particular microarray experiment will represent RNA from three (3) spinal cords of each genotype. RNA amplification for probe synthesis should not be necessary since we will provide 7 ug of intact pooled total RNA for each sample. For statistical analysis, the experiment will be performed twice. Since the RNA samples are precious, they will be provided to the Array Consortium in two shipments with each of the experiments performed independently.
2008-06-11 | E-GEOD-1830 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Muscle spindles are skeletal muscle stretch receptors that mediate axial and limb position sensation (proprioception) to the central nervous system. Defective proprioception, often characterized by gait ataxia and poor coordination, is present in a variety of human sensory and motor neuropathies having diverse etiologies. Spindles contain specialized intrafusal muscle fibers that are induced during development by sensory innervation. The molecular events mediating the morphogenetic induction process are poorly characterized but depend upon neuregulins and their cognate ErbB receptor signaling. Recently, we demonstrated that the transcription factor Egr3 is induced and regulated by intrafusal muscle fiber sensory innervation during spindle induction. Moreover, Egr3-deficient mice have impaired spindle morphogenesis and profound gait ataxia. Thus, Egr3 mediated transcription is critical for muscle stretch receptor development and potentially for myotube fate specification. Egr3 may mediate spindle morphogenesis induced by Neuregulin/ErbB signaling after myotubes are contacted by sensory axons during development. As a starting point for understanding the specific role for Egr3 in this process, we will use a genome wide expression analysis to identify genes regulated (either directly or indirectly) by Egr3 in primary myotubes. It is not practical to examine Egr3 mediated gene expression directly within spindles since they comprise less than 0.1% of the muscle mass. Therefore, gene expression analysis will be examined in primary myotubes grown in vitro. Primary myoblasts isolated from mice and differentiated in vitro are biochemically most similar to extrafusal muscle fibers which do not express Egr3. To identify genes regulated by Egr3 in myotubes, gene expression in myotubes enforced to express full length Egr3 will be compared to gene expression in myotubes enforced to express truncated (transcriptionally inactive) Egr3. Egr3-deficient mice lack muscle spindles and have profound proprioceptive deficits. Egr3 is specifically expressed in a subset of developing primary myotubes after innervation by sensory axons. Spindle induction is dependent upon sensory/myotube contact which involves sensory axon produced neuregulin and ErbB receptor signaling in the myotube. Shortly after or during induction, Egr3 expression is upregulated and maintained in the nascent myotube/spindle as one of the earliest molecular events know to occur during spindle morphogenesis. We hypothesize that Egr3 mediated transcription is critical for engaging gene programs specific to and essential for, muscle spindle formation. Moreover, Egr3 may be involved in fate specification of myotubes that develop into biochemically and physiologically distinct intrafusal muscle fibers within spindles. To date, the target genes regulated by Egr3 during spindle morphogenesis have not been characterized. Myoblasts from wild type newborn mice will be isolated and purified. Myoblasts will be plated on collagen coated plates and differentiated in vitro for 7 days. During in vitro differentiation, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myotubes that exhibit contractile properties. Egr3 is not expressed in myotubes in vitro, which is consistent with their similarity to extrafusal muscle fibers that also do not express Egr3 in vivo. Only intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles express high levels of Egr3 in this muscle fiber context. Adenoviruses that express full length Egr3 (Egr3wt; transcriptionally active) and truncated Egr3 (Egr3tr; transcriptionally inactive) have been generated and characterized in our laboratory. After 7 days of in vitro differentiation, primary myotubes will be infected with either Egr3wt or Egr3tr adenoviruses. 100% infection is routinely obtained which is confirmed by coexpression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Care will be taken to minimize viral induced toxicity of the myotubes after infection. Myotubes are maintained after infection for 24 hours, after which total RNA is extracted from the cell lysates. The two RNA samples will be used for microarray analysis to identify genes that are upregulated and downregulated by Egr3 in the myotube cellular context. We will repeat the infection, RNA isolation and microarray analysis three times to minimize identifying false positive differentially expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes will be confirmed using real-time PCR. Interesting differentially expressed genes will be examined by in situ hybridization to determine if they are specifically expressed in wild type spindles. Since the identified differentially expressed genes will represent both indirect and direct target genes, we will perform Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) from Egr3wt infected myotubes and screen the ChIP DNA library by PCR to determine which gene promoters are directly bound by Egr3. Keywords: other
2004-11-24 | GSE1998 | GEO
Project description:Mechanical stress is a potent regulator of cell growth, contractility and gene regulation. Abnormal uterine distension during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth and likely activates crosstalk between multiple signaling networks with protein phosphorylation playing a critical role. Telomerized human uterine smooth muscle cells were exposed to 18% biaxial stretch for 5 min and the phosphoproteome was probed by mass spectrometry. We observed specific phospho-activation of mitogen activated protein kinase at threonine 183 and tyrosine 185, myosin regulatory light chain 9 at threonine 19, and heat shock protein 27 at serine 82. Our analysis revealed protein phosphorylation changes in signaling pathways related to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, activation of the focal adhesion kinase pathway, smooth muscle contraction and mechanistic target of rapamycin activation. These data point to potential mechanistic links between stretch-induced phosphorylation and development of the contractile phenotype in myometrial cells.
2019-04-10 | PXD002538 | Pride
Project description:Sensorimotor reflex circuits engage distinct neuronal subtypes, defined by precise connectivity, to transform sensation into compensatory behavior. Whether and how motor partner populations shape the subtype fate and connectivity of their pre-motor counterparts remains controversial. Here, we discovered that motor partners are dispensable for proper connectivity across an entire vestibular reflex circuit that stabilizes gaze. We first measured activity following vestibular sensation in pre-motor projection neurons after constitutive loss of their extraocular motor neuron partners.We observed normal responses and topography consistent with unchanged functional connectivity between sensory neurons and projection neurons. Next, we show that projection neurons remain anatomically and molecularly poised to connect appropriately with their motor partners. Lastly, we show that the transcriptional signatures of projection neuron subtypes develop independently of motor partners. Our findings comprehensively overturn a long-standing model: that connectivity in the circuit for gaze stabilization is retrogradely determined by motor partner-derived signals. By defining the contribution of motor neurons to canonical sensorimotor circuit assembly, our work speaks to comparable processes in spinal circuits and advances our understanding of general principles of neural development.
2024-01-27 | GSE254345 | GEO
Project description:Hypertrophic scars arise from dysregulated wound healing under prolonged mechanical tension, causing disfiguring fibrosis. However, limited preclinical models replicate key features of human tension-induced scarring. We developed an innovative murine model utilizing suture anchoring to impose persistent transverse-axial stretch across healing incisions, mimicking excessive wound tension that leads to hypertrophy clinically. Dorsal paired incisions were generated in mice, with wound edges on the upper back sutured to the rib cage while leaving wound edges on the lower back relaxed. This localized anchoring restrained wound contraction, maintaining high tension throughout remodeling analogous to scars widening under stress. Stretched upper wounds developed profound fibrotic changes compared to relaxed controls. Scars induced by suture-anchored tension displayed macroscopic hypertrophy, hardness, erythema, and pruritis up to 3 months. Histologically, scars induced by suture-anchored tension were hypercellular, hypervascular, hyperproliferative with disorganized extracellular matrix deposition, and displayed molecular hallmarks of hypertrophic fibrosis. MiRNA sequencing revealed the different signature in suture-anchored tension induced hypertrophic scars compared to control normal scars.
2023-09-28 | GSE243948 | GEO
Project description:Context: Increased uterine stretch appears to increase the risk of preterm labour, but the mechanism is unknown. Objectives: To identify a targetable mechanism mediating the effect of stretch on human myometrium. Design: Myometrial explants, prepared from biopsies obtained at elective caesarean delivery, were either studied acutely, or were maintained in prolonged culture (up to 65 h) under tension with either a 0.6 g or 2.4 g mass, and compared using in vitro contractility, whole genome array, and qRT-PCR. Results: Increased stretch for 24 or 65 h increased potassium-induced and oxytocin-induced contractility. Gene array identified 62 differentially expressed transcripts after 65 h exposure to increased stretch. Two probes for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a known stimulatory agonist of smooth muscle, were among the top five up-regulated by stretch (3.4-fold and 2.0-fold). Up-regulation of GRP by stretch was confirmed in a separate series of 10 samples using qRT-PCR (2.8-fold, P = 0.01). GRP stimulated contractions acutely when added to freshly obtained myometrial strips in 3 out of 9 cases, but Western blot demonstrated expression of the GRP receptor in 9 out of 9 cases. Prolonged incubation of stretched explants in the GRP antagonists PD-176252 or RC-3095 (65 and 24 h respectively) significantly reduced potassium chloride and oxytocin-induced contractility. Conclusion: Stretch of human myometrium increases contractility and stimulates the expression of a known smooth muscle stimulatory agonist, GRP. Incubation of myometrium in GRP receptor antagonists ameliorates the effect of stretch. GRP may be a target for novel therapies to reduce the risk of preterm birth in multiple pregnancy. 9 paired samples of human myometrium cultured under low (0.6g) or high (2.4g) tension
2012-06-14 | E-GEOD-31329 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Hypertrophic scars arise from dysregulated wound healing under prolonged mechanical tension, causing disfiguring fibrosis. However, limited preclinical models replicate key features of human tension-induced scarring. We developed an innovative murine model utilizing suture anchoring to impose persistent transverse-axial stretch across healing incisions, mimicking excessive wound tension that leads to hypertrophy clinically. Dorsal paired incisions were generated in mice, with wound edges on the upper back sutured to the rib cage while leaving wound edges on the lower back relaxed. This localized anchoring restrained wound contraction, maintaining high tension throughout remodeling analogous to scars widening under stress. Stretched upper wounds developed profound fibrotic changes compared to relaxed controls. Scars induced by suture-anchored tension displayed macroscopic hypertrophy, hardness, erythema, and pruritis up to 3 months. Histologically, scars induced by suture-anchored tension were hypercellular, hypervascular, hyperproliferative with disorganized extracellular matrix deposition, and displayed molecular hallmarks of hypertrophic fibrosis. MRNA sequencing revealed the fibrogenic signature in suture-anchored tension induced hypertrophic scars, which exhibited transcriptional overlap with mechanically-stretched scars, human hypertrophic and keloid scars.
2023-09-28 | GSE243949 | GEO
Project description:The proprioceptive system is essential for the control of coordinated movement, posture and skeletal integrity. The sense of proprioception is produced in the brain using peripheral sensory input from receptors such as the muscle spindle, which detects changes in the length of skeletal muscles. Despite its importance, the molecular composition of the muscle spindle is largely unknown. In this study, we generated comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic datasets of the entire muscle spindle. We then associated differentially expressed genes with the various tissues composing the spindle using bioinformatic analysis. Immunostaining verified these predictions, thus establishing new markers for the different spindle tissues. Utilizing these markers, we identified the differentiation stages the spindle capsule cells undergo during development. Together, these findings provide comprehensive molecular characterization of the intact spindle as well as new tools to study its development and function in health and disease.
2023-02-17 | PXD035552 | Pride