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Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in response to Alzheimer's disease mutations and aged serum in a tissue-engineered microvascular model

ABSTRACT: Alzheimer’s disease is a disease of neurodegeneration and aging that affects millions of Americans, and is expected to impact millions more without significant advancement in our understanding of the disease. An emerging focus in Alzheimer’s study is the role of the cerebrovasculature in the initiation, progression, and exacerbation of symptomatic disease. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier, which tightly controls any exchange between systemic circulation and brain tissue, has manifested in post-mortem and in vivo studies of late-stage Alzheimer’s disease as microbleeds, dysfunctional glucose transport, and impaired efflux of toxins; additional animal studies have indicated that some vascular dysfunction precedes neuronal degeneration in the progression of the disease. Thus, to understand the drivers and progression of Alzheimer’s disease in hopes of identifying therapeutic breakpoints, the role of blood-brain barrier dysfunction must be investigated. Here, we utilize a tissue-engineered model of the blood-brain barrier with high spatiotemporal resolution to assess its dysfunction with cell-intrinsic mutations associated with Alzheimer’s (APP(Swe) and PSEN1(M146V)) and the systemic influence of aged blood components (exposure to aged vs. young human serum).

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE272179 | GEO | 2024/09/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:With advances in single-cell genomics, molecular signatures of cells comprising the brain vasculature are revealed in unprecedented detail, yet the ageing-associated cell subtype transcriptomic changes which may contribute to neurovascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. Here, we performed single-cell transcriptomic profiling of brain endothelial cells (EC) in young adult and aged mice to characterize their ageing-associated genome-wide expression changes. We identified zonation-dependent transcriptomic changes in aged brain EC subtypes, with capillary ECs exhibiting the most transcriptomic alterations. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed altered immune/cytokine signaling in ECs of all vascular segments, while functional changes impacting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and glucose/energy metabolism were most prominently implicated in ECs of the capillary bed – the primary site where ECs and other neurovascular unit (NVU) cell types closely interact and coordinate to regulate BBB and cerebral blood flow in health and diseased conditions. Furthermore, an overrepresentation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-associated genes identified from GWAS studies was evident among the human orthologs of differentially expressed genes of aged capillary ECs but not other EC subtypes. Importantly, for numerous EC-enriched differentially expressed genes with important functional roles at the BBB and/or association with AD, we found concordant expression changes in human aged or AD brains. Finally, we demonstrated that treatment with exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, strongly reverses transcriptomic changes in ECs and largely reduces BBB leakage in the aged brain. Thus, our study revealed novel vascular ageing-associations of AD in the brain capillary endothelium, and provides insights into detailed transcriptomic alterations underlying brain EC ageing that are complex with subtype specificity yet amenable to pharmacological interventions.

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Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in response to Alzheimer's disease mutations and aged serum in a tissue-engineered microvascular model

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