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Activation of a helper NLR by plant and bacterial TIR immune signaling

ABSTRACT: Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains across different life kingdoms possess NADase activities and produce distinct small molecules including phosphoribosyl adenosine monophosphate/diphosphate (pRib-AMP/ADP) and two cyclic ADPR (cADPR) isomers 2’cADPR and 3’cADPR. Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal TIR domain sense pathogen effectors to initiate immune signaling and rely on downstream helper NLRs to execute immune function. Lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 transduce immune signals from sensor TIR-NLRs to a helper NLR called ADR1. We report the structure and function of Arabidopsis EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 (EPA) heterotrimer in complex with pRib-AMP/ADP activated by plant or bacterial TIR signaling. Bacterial TIRs that produce 2’cADPR, but not 3’cADPR, induce EPA complex formation and activate EPA signaling using pRib-AMP as the signaling molecule. 2’cADPR is hydrolyzed into pRib-AMP in vivo. 2’cADPR, but not 3’cADPR, induces EPA-dependent defense genes expression. Our findings shed light on the activation mechanisms of ADR1 by EDS1-PAD4 involving two structurally-related molecules with 2’cADPR likely being the storage form of the unstable signaling molecule pRib-AMP, as well as cross-talks between plant and bacterial TIR immune signaling.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE277725 | GEO | 2025/01/29

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:There is growing evidence that for a comprehensive insight into the function of plant genes it is crucial to assess their functionalities under a wide range of conditions. In this study we examined the role of LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1), ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) in the regulation of photosynthesis, water use efficiency (WUE), ROS/hormonal homeostasis and seed yield in Arabidopsis thaliana grown in the laboratory and in the field. We demonstrate that the LSD1 null mutant (lsd1), which is known to exhibit a runaway cell death in non-permissive conditions, proves to be more tolerant to combined drought and high-light stress than the wild type. Moreover, depending on growing conditions, it shows variations in WUE, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, photosystem II maximum efficiency and in transcription profiles. However, despite these changes, lsd1 demonstrates similar seed yield under all tested conditions. All of these traits depend on EDS1 and PAD4. The differences in the pathways prevailing in the lsd1 in various growing environments are manifested by the significantly smaller number of transcripts deregulated in the field compared to the laboratory, with only 43 commonly regulated genes. Our data indicate that LSD1, EDS1 and PAD4 participate in the regulation of various molecular and physiological processes that influence Arabidopsis fitness. On the basis of these results we emphasize that the function of such important regulators as LSD1, EDS1 and PAD4 should be studied not only under stable laboratory conditions, but also in the environment abounding in multiple stresses. Six genotypes x two conditions experiment including five-week-old WT (Ws), lsd1, pad4, eds1, eds1lsd1, and pad4lsd1 plants grown in laboratory or field conditions, hybridized in two loop-designs (lab and field). Two biological replicates. In total, 2 x 12 samples were hybridized on 24 Arabidopsis Gene Expression microarrays V4 (Agilent, two-color array) including color swap of replicate samples.

			Action	DRS
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	GSE277725_FPKM_all_samples.txt.gz	Txt
	GSE277725_RAW.tar	Raw
	GSE277725_Raw_Gene_counts_matrix.txt.gz	Txt
	filelist.txt	Txt

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Activation of a helper NLR by plant and bacterial TIR immune signaling

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