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Batf2 is a regulator of interferon gamma signaling in astrocytes during neuroinflammation

ABSTRACT: Astrocytic interferon (IFN)g signaling is associated with reduced neuroinflammation; however, downstream effectors responsible for regulating this protection are unknown. Here we identify an interferon-specific transcription factor, basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF)2, that plays a key role in modulating the consequences of IFNg signaling in astrocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing revealed that BATF2 binds and prevents the overexpression of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)1 and IRF1 targets such as Caspase-1. We also show that Batf2-/- mice exhibit exacerbated clinical disease severity in a murine model of CNS autoimmunity, and express increased astrocyte-specific IRF1 and Caspase-1, suggesting an amplified interferon response in vivo. Additionally, we demonstrate that BATF2 is expressed primarily in astrocytes within multiple sclerosis lesions and that this expression is co-localized with IRF1. Collectively, our results further support evidence of protective functions for IFNg and implicate BATF2 as a key suppressor of overactive immune signaling in astrocytes during neuroinflammation.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE288440 | GEO | 2025/01/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Loss of the immunomodulatory transcription factor BATF2 in humans is associated with a neurological phenotype

Project description:Epilepsy and mental retardation are known to be associated with pathogenic mutations of a broad range of genes that are expressed in the brain and play a role in neurodevelopment. Here, we report a family with three affected individuals whose clinical symptoms closely resemble a neurodevelopmental disorder. Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous stop-gain mutation p.Q19* in the BATF2 gene in the patients. The BATF2 transcription factor is predominantly expressed in macrophages and monocytes, and has been reported to modulate AP-1 transcription factor-mediated pro-inflammatory responses. Transcriptome analysis showed an altered base-level expression of interferon-stimulated genes in the patients’ blood, typical for type I interferonopathies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all three patients demonstrated elevated responses to innate immune stimuli, which could be reproduced in CRISPR–Cas9-generated BATF2-/- human monocytic cell lines. BATF2 is, therefore, a novel disease-associated gene for severe epilepsy and mental retardation, related to dysregulation of immune responses, which underscores the relevance of neuroinflammation for epilepsy.

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Genome wide expession analysis of effect of Batf2 knock down in bone marrow derived macrophage cells stimulated with IFNg

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Project description:Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 2 (BATF2) is a transcription factor that is emerging as an important regulator of the innate immune system. We previously identified BATF2 among the top upregulated genes in human alveolar macrophages treated with LPS, but the signaling pathways that induce BATF2 expression in response to Gram-negative stimuli are incompletely understood. In addition, the role of BATF2 in the host response to pulmonary infection with a Gram-negative pathogen like Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is not known. We show that induction of Batf2 gene expression in macrophages in response to Kp in vitro requires TRIF and type I interferon (IFN) signaling, but not MyD88 signaling. Analysis of the impact of BATF2-deficiency on macrophage effector functions in vitro showed that BATF2 does not directly impact macrophage phagocytic uptake and intracellular killing of Kp. However, BATF2 markedly enhanced macrophage pro-inflammatory gene expression and Kp-induced cytokine responses. In vivo, we observed that Batf2 gene expression was elevated in the lung tissue of wild type (WT) mice 24 h after pulmonary Kp infection, and Kp-infected BATF2-deficient (Batf2-/-) mice displayed a modest but significant increase in bacterial burden in the lung, spleen and liver compared to WT mice. WT and Batf2-/- mice showed similar recruitment of leukocytes following infection, but in line with our in vitro observations, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the alveolar space were reduced in Batf2-/- mice. Altogether, these results suggest that BATF2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages in response to Kp, and that as such, BATF2 contributes to the host defense against pulmonary Kp infection.

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Microarray analyses using bone marrow-derived macrophages from Batf2−/− and wildtype mice that had been stimulated with R848

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