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The first molecular characterization of Solanum lycopersicum-Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytopathosystem: the essential role of pectin

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the physiological and molecular responses of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) to Phytophthora cinnamomi infection. The initial defense response in tomato seeds included the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and callose deposition. Screening of commercial tomato varieties revealed varying levels of susceptibility, with the variety Marmande exhibiting heightened vulnerability. Three days post-inoculation, Marmande showed increased expression of genes associated with ROS generation, and biosynthesis pathways for phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. Additionally, 850 genes related to cell wall remodeling, including those involved in lignin biosynthesis and pectin methyl esterase inhibitors (PMEIs), were significantly upregulated. Seven days post-inoculation, a stronger transcriptional response was observed, with activation of ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways, while salicylic acid (SA) showed minimal activity. Metabolomic analysis of infected roots revealed elevated levels of metabolites linked to lycopene, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids. Furthermore, infected roots exhibited a significant reduction in pectin levels, which was corroborated by in vitro assays showing zoospore-mediated pectin degradation. These results suggest that degradation of root pectin is a key mechanism facilitating zoospore invasion in susceptible tomato hosts. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and identifies potential targets for managing Phytophthora cinnamomi-induced diseases in crops.

ORGANISM(S): Solanum lycopersicum

PROVIDER: GSE295439 | GEO | 2025/04/29

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Pc) is a hemibiotrophic oomycete and the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of the commercially important fruit crop avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Plant defense against pathogens is modulated by phytohormone signaling pathways such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), auxin and abscisic acid. The role of specific signaling pathways induced and regulated during hemibiotroph-plant interactions has been widely debated. Some studies report SA mediated defense while others hypothesize that JA responses restrict the spread of pathogens. This study aimed to identify the role of SA- and JA- associated genes in the defense strategy of a resistant avocado rootstock, Dusa® in response to Pc infection. Transcripts associated with SA-mediated defense pathways and lignin biosynthesis were upregulated at 6 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Results suggest that auxin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signaling was also important during this early time point, while JA signaling was absent. Both SA and JA defense responses were shown to play a role during defense at 18 hpi. Induction of genes associated with ROS detoxification and cell wall digestion (β-1-3-glucanase) was also observed. Most genes induced at 24 hpi were linked to JA responses. Other processes at play in avocado at 24 hpi include cell wall strengthening, the formation of phenolics and induction of arabinogalactan, a gene linked to Pc zoospore immobility. This study represents the first transcriptome wide analysis of a resistant avocado rootstock treated with SA and JA compared to Pc infection. The results provide evidence of a biphasic defense response against the hemibiotroph, which initially involves SA-mediated gene expression followed by the enrichment of JA-mediated defense from 18 to 24 hpi. Genes and molecular pathways linked to Pc resistance are highlighted and may serve as future targets for manipulation in the development of PRR resistant avocado rootstocks.

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The first molecular characterization of Solanum lycopersicum-Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytopathosystem: the essential role of pectin

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