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NKX2-5 mutations causative for congenital heart disease retain functionality and are directed to hundreds of targets

ABSTRACT: NKX2-5 is a homeodomain transcription factor that plays a central role in the cardiac gene regulatory network, and is commonly mutated in human congenital heart disease. Here, we take a functional genomics approach to congenital heart disease mechanism. We used DamID to establish a robust set of target genes for both wild type NKX2-5 and a mutation lacking the homeodomain (NKX2-5delHD), the latter to model loss-of-function in gene regulatory network. NKX2-5delHD bound hundreds of targets including NKX2-5 wild type targets and a unique set of “off-targets”, and retained partial functionality. We showed that NKX2-5delHD could heterodimerize with NKX2-5 wild type and cofactors, including ubiquitous ETS family members ELK1 and ELK4, through a tyrosine-rich homophilic interaction domain (YRD). NKX2-5delHD off-targets, but not those of an NKX2-5 YRD mutant, were enriched in ETS motifs and were occupied by ELK1/ELK4 proteins, as determined by DamID. Our study reveals unexpected activities for NKX2-5 mutations on chromatin, guided by interactions with their normal cardiac and general cofactors, and suggest potential for a novel type of gain-of-function in congenital heart disease. The supplementary bed file contains all binding regions detected for the N/C-terminal fusions reported in the manuscript, in addition to probe locations, ready to upload directly into UCSC browser (mm9).

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE44902 | GEO | 2015/07/07

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA192669

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The orphan nuclear receptor TR4 (human testicular receptor 4 or NR2C2) plays a pivotal role in a variety of biological and metabolic processes. With no known ligand and few known target genes, the mode of TR4 function was unclear. We report the first genome-wide identification and characterization of TR4 in vivo binding. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), we identified TR4 binding sites in 4 different human cell types and found that the majority of target genes were shared among different cells. TR4 target genes are involved in fundamental biological processes such as RNA metabolism and protein translation. In addition, we found that a subset of TR4 target genes exerts cell-type specific functions. Analysis of the TR4 binding sites revealed that less than 30% of the peaks from any of the cell types contained the DR1 motif previously derived from in vitro studies, suggesting that TR4 may be recruited to the genome via interaction with other proteins. A bioinformatics analysis of the TR4 binding sites predicted a cis regulatory module involving TR4 and ETS transcription factors. To test this prediction, we performed ChIP-seq for the ETS factor ELK4 and found that 30% of TR4 binding sites were also bound by ELK4. Motif analysis of the sites bound by both factors revealed a lack of the DR1 element, suggesting that TR4 binding at a subset of sites is facilitated through the ETS transcription factor ELK4. Further studies will be required to investigate the functional interdependence of these two factors. For data usage terms and conditions, please refer to http://www.genome.gov/27528022 and http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/ENCODE/ENCODEDataReleasePolicyFinal2008.pdf 8 total ChIP-seq datasets; four TR4 and datasets done in duplicate from 4 different cell lines; ELK4 (Sap1a) duplicate dataset done from HeLa cells; 1 ELK1 replicate in HeLa cells, 2 individual replicates for histone mod datasets from K562 cells

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NKX2-5 mutations causative for congenital heart disease retain functionality and are directed to hundreds of targets

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