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Reprogramming of mouse somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells using a combination of small molecules

ABSTRACT: Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by overexpression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc. Bmi1 is responsible for conversion of adult mouse astrocytes and fibroblasts into neural stem cell-like cells and conversion of fibroblasts into iPSCs under enforced expression of Oct4. Here, in the first step of generating iPSCs, stable intermediate cells were generated from mouse astrocytes by Bmi1 in the absence of other transcription factors. These cells [called induced epiblast stem cell (EpiSC)-like cells (iEpiSCLCs)] are similar to EpiSCs in terms of expression of specific markers, epigenetic state, and ability to differentiate into three germ layers. Treatment with MEK/ERK and GSK3 pathway inhibitors in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor resulted in conversion of iEpiSCLCs into iPSCs that were similar to mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), suggesting that Bmi1 is sufficient to reprogram astrocytes to pluripotency. Next, Bmi1 function was replaced with Shh activators (oxysterol and purmorphamine), which demonstrated that specific combinations of small molecules alone can reprogram mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs. These iPSCs resembled mESCs in terms of global gene expression profile, epigenetic status, and developmental potential, demonstrating that combinations of small molecules can compensate for reprogramming factors and are sufficient to directly reprogram mouse somatic cells into iPSCs.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE48411 | GEO | 2013/06/29

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA209982

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Leptin receptors (Lepr) are expressed by various types of stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Leptin/lepr signaling is also a central regulator of metabolism. However, the role of Lepr in pluripotency, metabolic disease progression and growth development is still controversial and poorly understood. In the present study, we explored the Lepr function in disease progression, pluripotency and metabolism using day 14.5 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and their reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as model system. We successfully reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblasts into iPSCs from control and db/db (Lepr deficient) mice. Using a global quantitative proteomic approach, we identified key pathways regulating pluripotency, metabolic homeostasis and protein synthesis during fetal growth and development. The Lepr MEFs show abnormal metabolic abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction as compared to control MEFs, while Lepr iPSCs show upregulated elongated factor 4 e (eIF4e) protein synthesis pathway and altered Oct4 and Stat3 pathways which are involved in normal fetal growth development. Furthermore, chip analysis revealed that higher Stat3 binding on the promoter of eIF4e in Lepr iPSCs leads to higher protein synthesis in these cell types as compared to control iPSCs. Finally, point mutation corrected Lepr iPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method showed recovered pluripotency, metabolic and protein synthesis pathways. In conclusion, we have shown that Lepr signaling is involved in the regulation of the metabolic properties and key developmental pathways in MEFs and stemness of pluripotent stem cells. Disruption of Lepr signaling has been shown to involve in the pathophysiology of various diseases including obesity and diabetes. The generated MEFs and iPSCs in this present study provide valuable tools to explore the role of Lepr in the progression of obesity, diabetes and metabolic abnormalities, and to find the putative targets of Lepr signaling during the development of these diseases.

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Reprogramming of mouse somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells using a combination of small molecules

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