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Reversible flower opening regulated by CPK16-dependent phosphorylation and activation of aquaporin PIP2;2 in Gentiana

ABSTRACT: Flower opening is important for successful pollination in many plant species, and some species repeat reversible flower opening and closing movements. This is thought to be due to the turgor pressure change caused by the water influx/efflux, which depends on osmotic oscillation in the cells. In some ornamental plants, it has been suggested that water channel aquaporin may play an important role in flower opening. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in flower movement are largely unknown. Using Gentiana flowers, which show reversible movement in response to temperature and light stimuli, as a model, we showed that reversible flower opening is regulated by aquaporin GsPIP2;2 and GsPIP2;7. In particular, phosphorylation of the C-terminal serine residue of GsPIP2;2 is important for the transport activity and correlates closely with the flower re-opening rate. Furthermore, GsPIP2;2 is phosphorylated and activated by GsCPK16, which is activated by elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels in response to temperature and light stimuli. We propose that reversible flower opening is regulated by GsCPK16-dependent GsPIP2;2 phosphorylation and activation, with stimulus-induced calcium signals acting as triggers. CPK-dependent phosphorylation and activation of PIP2s may be one of the universal regulatory mechanisms for flower opening in plants.

ORGANISM(S): Gentiana

SUBMITTER: Keiichirou Nemoto

PROVIDER: PXD029169 | JPOST Repository | Mon Oct 17 00:00:00 BST 2022

REPOSITORIES: jPOST

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			Action	DRS
	210827TN_02_rindou_fr7.raw	Raw
	210827TN_03_rindou_fr6.raw	Raw
	210827TN_04_rindou_fr5.raw	Raw
	210827TN_05_rindou_fr4.raw	Raw
	210827TN_06_rindou_fr3.raw	Raw

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bHLH transcription factors facilitating K+ uptake during stomatal opening are repressed by abscisic acid through phosphorylation

Project description:Stomata open in response to light and close following exposure to abscisic acid (ABA). They regulate gas exchange between plants and atmosphere, allowing plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions. ABA binding to receptors initiates a signaling cascade that involves protein phosphorylation. Here we show that ABA induced phosphorylation of three basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, called AKSs (ABA-RESPONSIVE KINASE SUBSTRATES; AKS1, AKS2, AKS3), in Arabidopsis guard cells, and that they facilitated stomatal opening through the transcription of genes encoding inwardly-rectifying K+ channels. aks1aks2-1 double mutant plants showed decreases in light-induced stomatal opening, K+ accumulation in response to light, activity of inwardly-rectifying K+ channels, and transcription of genes encoding major inwardly-rectifying K+ channels. Overexpression of POTASSIUM CHANNEL IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 1 (KAT1), which encodes a major inwardly-rectifying K+ channel in guard cells, rescued the phenotype of aks1aks2-1 plants. AKS1 bound directly to the promoter of KAT1, an interaction that was attenuated after ABA-induced phosphorylation. The ABA agonist pyrabactin induced phosphorylation of AKSs. Our results demonstrate that the AKS family of bHLH transcription factors facilitates stomatal opening through transcription of genes encoding inwardly-rectifying K+ channels, and that ABA suppresses the activity of inwardly-rectifying K+ channel activity by triggering the phosphorylation of these transcription factors. To find the affect of AKS1 and AKS2 transcription factors on gene expression, Arabidopsis guard cell protoplasts from wild type and aks1aks2-1 mutant were compared. Three independent experiments were performed.

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