Project description:RNA sequencing was performed on Candida albicans wild type cells (JC50) grown to exponential phase on YPD , YPD plus Nitrosative Stress 2.5mM DPTA NONOate, and compared to exponential Candida albicans hog1 deletion mutant cells grown on on YPD , YPD plus Nitrosative Stress 2.5mM DPTA NONOate. Three independent experiments were performed.
Project description:Chromosomal localization of the three homoeologous genes encoding cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase in common wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) was specified to: 3AL (0.42÷0.61), 3BL (0.38÷0.41) and 3DL (0.23÷0.81) by a comparative zymographic analysis of the enzymatic activities in deletion lines. It was also attempted to precisely explain the nature of the relationship between a number of genes encoding α and β subunits and a distribution of staining intensity of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase allozyme activity bands using aneuploid lines of common wheat with modified third pair of homoeologous chromosomes from genomes A, B and D, on which the genes encoding subunit α (genome A) and β (genome B and D) are localized. The highest consistency between the experimental results and the theoretical distributions was achieved by substituting values of α = 0.57 and β = 0.43 in a theoretical model. These results demonstrate that the individual participation of the diploid genome A in the biosynthesis of the cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase allozymes subunits is greater than the individual participation of the diploid genomes B and D.
Project description:The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of carbon ion and photon irradiation on A549 tumor cells and analyse how these effects are altered by PML knockdown. Therefore we created PML knockdown A549 cells (shPML) and irradiated them with either 2Gy carbon ion or 6Gy Photon (bioequivalent doses). 4 days after irradiation microarray analysis was performed. All experiments were performed in 3 biological replicates and control groups were transduced with an empty vector.
Project description:The aim of our study is to investigate and compare the effects of carbon and photon irradiation on microvascular endothelial cells. Therefore we irradiated human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) with either 2Gy Carbon or 6Gy Photon (bioequivalent doses) and performed microarray analysis both 2 hours (short-term effect) and 6 days (long-term effects) after irradiation. All experiments were performed in 3 biological replicates.
Project description:Organic aerosol (OA) constitutes a substantial fraction of fine particles and affects both human health and climate. It is becoming clear that OA absorbs light substantially (hence termed Brown Carbon, BrC), adding uncertainties to global aerosol radiative forcing estimations. The few current radiative-transfer and chemical-transport models that include BrC primarily consider sources from biogenic and biomass combustion. However, radiocarbon fingerprinting here clearly indicates that light-absorbing organic carbon in winter Beijing, the capital of China, is mainly due to fossil sources, which contribute the largest part to organic carbon (OC, 67 ± 3%) and its sub-constituents (water-soluble OC, WSOC: 54 ± 4%, and water-insoluble OC, WIOC: 73 ± 3%). The dual-isotope (Δ14C/δ13C) signatures, organic molecular tracers and Beijing-tailored emission inventory identify that this fossil source is primarily from coal combustion activities in winter, especially from the residential sector. Source testing on Chinese residential coal combustion provides direct evidence that intensive coal combustion could contribute to increased light-absorptivity of ambient BrC in Beijing winter. Coal combustion is an important source to BrC in regions such as northern China, especially during the winter season. Future modeling of OA radiative forcing should consider the importance of both biomass and fossil sources.
Project description:Grazing has been shown to impact the soil environment and microbial necromass carbon (MNC), which in turn regulates soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the carbon sequestration potential of fungi and bacteria under different stocking rates remains unclear, limiting our understanding of soil carbon sequestration in grazing management. In 2004, we established grazing experiments in the desert steppe of northern China with four stocking rates. Our findings indicate that MNC decreased under moderate and heavy grazing, while light grazing did not significantly differ from no grazing. Notably, the reduction in fungal necromass carbon, rather than bacterial necromass carbon, was primarily responsible for the decreased contribution of MNC to SOC. This difference is attributed to the varying effects of sheep grazing on fungal and bacterial community characteristics, including richness, diversity, and composition. Thus, to accurately predict carbon dynamics in grassland ecosystems, it is essential to consider that the ecological impacts and carbon sequestration potential of microbial communities may vary with different grazing management practices.
Project description:The beneficial effect of crop residue amendment on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and stability depends on the functional response of soil microbial communities. Here we synchronized microbial metagenomic analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and plant-15N labeling technologies to gain understanding of how microbial metabolic processes affect SOC accumulation in responses to differences in N supply from residues. Residue amendment brought increases in the assemblage of genes involved in C-degradation profiles from labile to recalcitrant C compounds as well as N mineralization. The N mineralization genes were correlated with the C and N accumulation in the particulate and mineral-associated C pools, and plant-derived aliphatic forms of SOC. Thus, the combined C and N metabolic potential of the microbial community transforms residue into persistent organic compounds, thereby increasing C and N sequestration in stable SOC pools. This study emphasizes potential microbially mediated mechanisms by which residue N affects C sequestration in soils.
Project description:Carbon-ion irradiation is an emerging therapeutic option for several tumor entities including lung cancer. Well oxygenated tumor areas compared to a hypoxic environment favor therapeutic photon irradiation efficiency of solid tumors due to increased amounts of DNA damage. The resistance of hypoxic tumor areas towards photon irradiation is enhanced through increased HIF-1 signaling. Here, we compared the effects of oxygen and HIF 1 after photon and carbon-ion irradiation with biological equivalent doses in a human non-small lung cancer model. In hypoxia compared to normoxia, A549 and H1299 cells displayed improved survival after photon irradiation. Knockdown of HIF-1M-NM-1 combined with photon irradiation synergistically delayed tumor growth in vivo. Photon irradiation induced HIF-1M-NM-1 and several of its target genes such as PDK1, GLUT-1, LDHA, and VEGF with subsequent enhanced tumor angiogenesis in vivo, a signaling cascade that was not targeted by carbon-ion irradiation. We present evidence that photons but not carbon-ions induce HIF-1M-NM-1 via mTOR pathway. Importantly, after carbon-ion irradiation in vivo, we observed substantial downregulation of HIF-1M-NM-1 and a drastically delayed tumor growth indicating a considerable higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) than anticipated from the cell survival data. In sum, our results demonstrate that carbon-ions mediate an improved therapeutic response of tumor treatment compared to photon irradiation that is independent of cell oxygenation and HIF-1 signaling. 16 independent cell cultures were used. Each culture was split into an irradiated and a control plate, yieldin a total of 16 paired samples. Paired samples were analysed in 16 two-color hybridizations. Factors time (after irradiation) with levels 1h and 4h and factor radiation quality with levels C12 and X-rays were analyzed. Each of the 2x2 combinations was analyzed in 4 independent experiments.
Project description:A lack of appropriate proxies has traditionally hampered our ability to distinguish riverine organic carbon (OC) sources at the landscape scale. However, the dissection of C4 grasslands by C3-enriched riparian vegetation, and the distinct carbon stable isotope signature (δ13C) of these two photosynthetic pathways, provides a unique setting to assess the relative contribution of riparian and more distant sources to riverine C pools. Here, we compared δ13C signatures of bulk sub-basin vegetation (δ13CVEG) with those of riverine OC pools for a wide range of sites within two contrasting river basins in Madagascar. Although C3-derived carbon dominated in the eastern Rianala catchment, consistent with the dominant vegetation, we found that in the C4-dominated Betsiboka basin, riverine OC is disproportionately sourced from the C3-enriched riparian fringe, irrespective of climatic season, even though δ13CVEG estimates suggest as much as 96% of vegetation cover in some Betsiboka sub-basins may be accounted for by C4 biomass. For example, δ13C values for river bed OC were on average 6.9 ± 2.7‰ depleted in 13C compared to paired estimates of δ13CVEG. The disconnection of the wider C4-dominated basin is considered the primary driver of the under-representation of C4-derived C within riverine OC pools in the Betsiboka basin, although combustion of grassland biomass by fire is likely a subsidiary constraint on the quantity of terrestrial organic matter available for export to these streams and rivers. Our findings carry implications for the use of sedimentary δ13C signatures as proxies for past forest-grassland distribution and climate, as the C4 component may be considerably underestimated due to its disconnection from riverine OC pools.