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Palmyrene Polychromy: Investigations of funerary portraits from Palmyra in the collections of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek

ABSTRACT: Two samples from the Beauty of Palmyra (IN 2795 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, Denmark) were collected from the surface coating, and partially the paint layer, in locations corresponding to paint residues from respectively the yellow paint (containing lead-based yellow pigment) and the red paint (containing haematite as pigment) of the headdress of the figure. The two samples were analysed using a palaeoproteomic protocol to investigate the use of a proteinaceous paint binder and/or the presence of other proteinaceous materials. The analysis led to the confident identification of collagen, probably indicating the use of animal glue as paint binder of the sample removed from red paint residues. Various animal keratins were also confidently identified in both samples. The presence of these proteins might be related to the manufacture of organic pigments, but also possibly to the use of a keratin-based glue as paint binder or surface coating, or even to the use of a paintbrush made with animal bristles.

INSTRUMENT(S): Orbitrap Exploris 480, Q Exactive HF

ORGANISM(S): Ovis Aries Sus Scrofa (pig)

TISSUE(S): Hair, Skin, Bone, Hoof, Tendon

SUBMITTER: Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo

LAB HEAD: Luise Ørsted Brandt

PROVIDER: PXD031280 | Pride | 2022-06-28

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Project description:The aim of this experiment was to develop an approach for the assessment of immunotoxicity in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) using transcriptomic profiling. Clobetasol propionate, a highly potent synthetic corticosteroid, which is known to have immunosuppressive effects on vertebrates including zebrafish, was used for continuous exposure from fertilization until extraction. As immunotoxicity can only be comprehensively assessed when the effect is observed during an acute infection, the embryos were injected with a mixture of different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) consisting of Pam3CSK4 (synthetic lipopeptide), poly(I:C) (synthetic viral dsRNA) and flagellin (isolated from Bacillus subtilis). Functional gene expression analysis from samples obtained by different kinds and combinations of treatments in relation to appropriate controls is used to identify pathways that are upregulated by artificial infection and suppressed by treatment with clobetasol propionate. In a modified version of the zebrafish embryo toxicity test (OECD 236), 20 fertilized eggs were exposed to a sub-lethal concentration (250 nM) of clobetasol propionate for 48 hours under semi-static conditions. The test comprised of three treatments with clobetasol propionate and two negative control (NC) groups and was performed in triplicates. At 46 hours post fertilization (hpf), the eggs were manually dechorinated. At 48 hpf, the embryos were immobilized by anaesthetization using 200 mg/mL tricaine. Using microinjection, 8 nL of the mixed PAMPs (0.33 µg/mL Pam3CSK4, 0.33 µg/mL poly(I:C) and 0.033 µg/mL flagellin) were injected directly into the embryos bloodstream. One of each exposure groups was injected with PAMPs, while another one was injected with ultrapure water to control for effects introduced by the injection process. One control group remained completely untreated. After injection, the embryos were further incubated for 3 hours before 10 embryos were randomly picked for each sample and pooled for RNA and protein extraction with NucleoSpin RNA/Protein kit (Macherey-Nagel). RNA quality was assessed with a 2100 Bioanalyzer system (Agilent) before coding RNA was purified (PolyA selection with TruSeq RNA Library Prep Kit v2) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 4000 System (Illumina) in 50 bp single read mode. Adapter sequences were removed with trimmomatic and sequences were aligned to the D.rerio reference genome GRCz11 with STAR. Counting of feature mapped reads was performed through featureCounts. Library gene count tables were then merged to a single count matrix as input for differential gene expression analysis with DESeq2.

			Action	DRS
	Artiodactyla_keratin_Database.fasta	Fasta
	Blank_1943.raw	Raw
	Blank_930.raw	Raw
	PaintBinders_Database.fasta	Fasta
	README-FileDescription.txt	Txt

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Palmyrene Polychromy: Investigations of funerary portraits from Palmyra in the collections of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek

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