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Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics.

ABSTRACT: Fail-safe design of devices requires robust integrity assessment procedures which are still absent for 2D materials, hence affecting transfer to applications. Here, a combined on-chip tension and cracking method, and associated data reduction scheme have been developed to determine the fracture toughness and strength of monolayer-monodomain-freestanding graphene. Myriads of specimens are generated providing statistical data. The crack arrest tests provide a definitive fracture toughness of 4.4 MPa m . Tension on-chip provides Young's modulus of 950 GPa, fracture strain of 11%, and tensile strength up to 110 GPa, reaching a record of stored elastic energy ~6 GJ m^-3 as confirmed by thermodynamics and quantized fracture mechanics. A ~ 1.4 nm crack size is often found responsible for graphene failure, connected to 5-7 pair defects. Micron-sized graphene membranes and smaller can be produced defect-free, and design rules can be based on 110 GPa strength. For larger areas, a fail-safe design should be based on a maximum 57 GPa strength.

SUBMITTER: Jaddi S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11245622 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics.

Jaddi Sahar S Malik M Wasil MW Wang Bin B Pugno Nicola M NM Zeng Yun Y Coulombier Michael M Raskin Jean-Pierre JP Pardoen Thomas T

Nature communications 20240712 1

Fail-safe design of devices requires robust integrity assessment procedures which are still absent for 2D materials, hence affecting transfer to applications. Here, a combined on-chip tension and cracking method, and associated data reduction scheme have been developed to determine the fracture toughness and strength of monolayer-monodomain-freestanding graphene. Myriads of specimens are generated providing statistical data. The crack arrest tests provide a definitive fracture toughness of 4.4 M ...[more]

PMID: 38997272

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Project description:Collagen cross-linking is altered in many diseases of bone, and enzymatic collagen cross-links are important to bone quality, as evidenced by losses of strength after lysyl oxidase inhibition (lathyrism). We hypothesized that cross-links also contribute directly to bone fracture toughness. A mouse model of lathyrism using subcutaneous injection of up to 500?mg/kg ?-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) was developed and characterized (60 animals across 4 dosage groups). Three weeks of 150 or 350?mg/kg BAPN treatment in young, growing mice significantly reduced cortical bone fracture toughness, strength, and pyridinoline cross-link content. Ratios reflecting relative cross-link maturity were positive regressors of fracture toughness (HP/[DHLNL?+?HLNL] r(2) ?=?0.208, p?<?0.05; [HP?+?LP]/[DHNL?+?HLNL] r(2) ?=?0.196, p?<?0.1), whereas quantities of mature pyridinoline cross-links were significant positive regressors of tissue strength (lysyl pyridinoline r(2) ?=?0.159, p?=?0.014; hydroxylysyl pyridinoline r(2) ?=?0.112, p?<?0.05). Immature and pyrrole cross-links, which were not significantly reduced by BAPN, did not correlate with mechanical properties. The effect of BAPN treatment on mechanical properties was dose specific, with the greatest impact found at the intermediate (350?mg/kg) dose. Calcein labeling was used to define locations of new bone formation, allowing for the identification of regions of normally cross-linked (preexisting) and BAPN-treated (newly formed, cross-link-deficient) bone. Raman spectroscopy revealed spatial differences attributable to relative tissue age and effects of cross-link inhibition. Newly deposited tissues had lower mineral/matrix, carbonate/phosphate, and Amide I cross-link (matrix maturity) ratios compared with preexisting tissues. BAPN treatment did not affect mineral measures but significantly increased the cross-link (matrix maturity) ratio compared with newly formed control tissue. Our study reveals that spatially localized effects of short-term BAPN cross-link inhibition can alter the whole-bone collagen cross-link profile to a measureable degree, and this cross-link profile correlates with bone fracture toughness and strength. Thus, cross-link profile perturbations associated with bone disease may provide insight into bone mechanical quality and fracture risk.

Dataset Information

Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics.

Publications

Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics.

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