Formation and function of the lytic NK-cell immunological synapse.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Orange JS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2772177 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:NK cell cytotoxicity requires the formation of an actin-rich immunological synapse (IS) with a target cell and the polarization of perforin-containing lytic granules toward the IS. Following the polarization of lytic granules, they traverse through the actin-rich IS to join the NK cell membrane in order for directed secretion of their contents to occur. We examined the role of myosin IIA as a candidate for facilitating this prefinal step in lytic NK cell IS function. Lytic granules in and derived from a human NK cell line, or ex vivo human NK cells, were constitutively associated with myosin IIA. When isolated using density gradients, myosin IIA-associated NK cell lytic granules directly bound to F-actin and the interaction was sensitive to the presence of ATP under conditions of flow. In NK cells from patients with a truncation mutation in myosin IIA, NK cell cytotoxicity, lytic granule penetration into F-actin at the IS, and interaction of isolated granules with F-actin were all decreased. Similarly, inhibition of myosin function also diminished the penetration of lytic granules into F-actin at the IS, as well as the final approach of lytic granules to and their dynamics at the IS. Thus, NK cell lytic granule-associated myosin IIA enables their interaction with actin and final transit through the actin-rich IS to the synaptic membrane, and can be defective in the context of naturally occurring human myosin IIA mutation.
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Project description:The formation of a dynamic, actin-rich immunological synapse (IS) and the polarization of cytolytic granules toward target cells are essential to the cytotoxic function of NK cells. Following polarization, lytic granules navigate through the pervasive actin network at the IS to degranulate and secrete their toxic contents onto target cells. We examined lytic granule motility and persistence at the cell cortex of activated human NK cells, using high-resolution total internal reflection microscopy and highly quantitative analysis techniques. We illustrate that lytic granules are dynamic and observe substantial motility at the plane of the cell cortex prior to, but not after, degranulation. We also show that there is no significant change in granule motility in the presence of Latrunculin A (which induces actin depolymerization), when added after granule polarization, but that there is a significant decrease in lytic granule persistence subsequent to degranulation. Thus, we show that lytic granules are highly dynamic at the cytolytic human NK cell IS prior to degranulation and that the persistence of granules at the cortex following exocytosis requires the integrity of the synaptic actin network.
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