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Structural determinants of inhibitor selectivity in prokaryotic IMP dehydrogenases.

ABSTRACT: The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease; no effective drug therapy exists to treat this infection. Curiously, C. parvum IMPDH (CpIMPDH) is most closely related to prokaryotic IMPDHs, suggesting that the parasite obtained its IMPDH gene via horizontal transfer. We previously identified inhibitors of CpIMPDH that do not inhibit human IMPDHs. Here, we show that these compounds also inhibit IMPDHs from Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Streptococcus pyogenes, but not from Escherichia coli. Residues Ala165 and Tyr358 comprise a structural motif that defines susceptible enzymes. Importantly, a second-generation CpIMPDH inhibitor has bacteriocidal activity on H. pylori but not E. coli. We propose that CpIMPDH-targeted inhibitors can be developed into a new class of antibiotics that will spare some commensal bacteria.

SUBMITTER: Gollapalli DR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2991053 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structural determinants of inhibitor selectivity in prokaryotic IMP dehydrogenases.

Gollapalli Deviprasad R DR Macpherson Iain S IS Liechti George G Gorla Suresh Kumar SK Goldberg Joanna B JB Hedstrom Lizbeth L

Chemistry & biology 20101001 10

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease; no effective drug therapy exists to treat this infection. Curiously, C. parvum IMPDH (CpIMPDH) is most closely related to prokaryotic IMPDHs, suggesting that the parasite obtained its IMPDH gene via horizontal transfer. We previously identified inhibitors of CpIMPDH that do not inhibit human IMPDHs. Here, we show that these compounds also inhibit IMPDHs from Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, and ...[more]

PMID: 21035731

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Project description:The structure-guided design of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins has illuminated mechanisms underlying ion selectivity of this remarkable family of light-activated ion channels. The first generation of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins, guided in part by development of a structure-informed electrostatic model for pore selectivity, included both the introduction of amino acids with positively charged side chains into the ion conduction pathway and the removal of residues hypothesized to support negatively charged binding sites for cations. Engineered channels indeed became chloride selective, reversing near -65 mV and enabling a new kind of optogenetic inhibition; however, these first-generation chloride-conducting channels displayed small photocurrents and were not tested for optogenetic inhibition of behavior. Here we report the validation and further development of the channelrhodopsin pore model via crystal structure-guided engineering of next-generation light-activated chloride channels (iC++) and a bistable variant (SwiChR++) with net photocurrents increased more than 15-fold under physiological conditions, reversal potential further decreased by another ? 15 mV, inhibition of spiking faithfully tracking chloride gradients and intrinsic cell properties, strong expression in vivo, and the initial microbial opsin channel-inhibitor-based control of freely moving behavior. We further show that inhibition by light-gated chloride channels is mediated mainly by shunting effects, which exert optogenetic control much more efficiently than the hyperpolarization induced by light-activated chloride pumps. The design and functional features of these next-generation chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins provide both chronic and acute timescale tools for reversible optogenetic inhibition, confirm fundamental predictions of the ion selectivity model, and further elucidate electrostatic and steric structure-function relationships of the light-gated pore.

Dataset Information

Structural determinants of inhibitor selectivity in prokaryotic IMP dehydrogenases.

Publications

Structural determinants of inhibitor selectivity in prokaryotic IMP dehydrogenases.

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