Dataset Information

Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy.

ABSTRACT: Xanthine oxidase (XO) is distributed in mammals largely in the liver and small intestine, but also is highly active in milk where it generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Adult human saliva is low in hypoxanthine and xanthine, the substrates of XO, and high in the lactoperoxidase substrate thiocyanate, but saliva of neonates has not been examined.Median concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in neonatal saliva (27 and 19 ?M respectively) were ten-fold higher than in adult saliva (2.1 and 1.7 ?M). Fresh breastmilk contained 27.3 ± 12.2 ?M H2O2 but mixing baby saliva with breastmilk additionally generated >40 ?M H2O2, sufficient to inhibit growth of the opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Oral peroxidase activity in neonatal saliva was variable but low (median 7 U/L, range 2-449) compared to adults (620 U/L, 48-1348), while peroxidase substrate thiocyanate in neonatal saliva was surprisingly high. Baby but not adult saliva also contained nucleosides and nucleobases that encouraged growth of the commensal bacteria Lactobacillus, but inhibited opportunistic pathogens; these nucleosides/bases may also promote growth of immature gut cells. Transition from neonatal to adult saliva pattern occurred during the weaning period. A survey of saliva from domesticated mammals revealed wide variation in nucleoside/base patterns.During breast-feeding, baby saliva reacts with breastmilk to produce reactive oxygen species, while simultaneously providing growth-promoting nucleotide precursors. Milk thus plays more than a simply nutritional role in mammals, interacting with infant saliva to produce a potent combination of stimulatory and inhibitory metabolites that regulate early oral-and hence gut-microbiota. Consequently, milk-saliva mixing appears to represent unique biochemical synergism which boosts early innate immunity.

SUBMITTER: Al-Shehri SS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4556682 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy.

Al-Shehri Saad S SS Knox Christine L CL Liley Helen G HG Cowley David M DM Wright John R JR Henman Michael G MG Hewavitharana Amitha K AK Charles Bruce G BG Shaw Paul N PN Sweeney Emma L EL Duley John A JA

PloS one 20150901 9

<h4>Introduction</h4>Xanthine oxidase (XO) is distributed in mammals largely in the liver and small intestine, but also is highly active in milk where it generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Adult human saliva is low in hypoxanthine and xanthine, the substrates of XO, and high in the lactoperoxidase substrate thiocyanate, but saliva of neonates has not been examined.<h4>Results</h4>Median concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in neonatal saliva (27 and 19 μM respectively) were ten-fold high ...[more]

PMID: 26325665

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Project description:BackgroundOral microbiota is not only important for maintaining oral health but also plays a role in various oral diseases. However, studies regarding microbiome changes in oral lichen planus (OLP) are very limited. To the best of our knowledge, there has been only two studies investigating salivary microbiome changes in OLP. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the characteristic microbial profile in the saliva of OLP patients, with or without erosive lesions, and compare that with recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), a common oral immunological disorder that also shows multiple erosive/ulcerative lesions. Whole saliva samples were collected from 20 patients with OLP (erosive E, n = 10 and non-erosive NE, n = 10), 10 patients with RAU (U) and 10 healthy controls (C). DNA was extracted from the saliva samples, and the 16S rDNA gene V4 hypervariable region was analyzed using Illumina sequencing.ResultsWe obtained 4949 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the V4 region in all saliva samples. Community composition analysis showed a clear decreased relative abundance of genera Streptococcus and Sphingomonas in saliva from RAU patients when compared to the other three groups. Relative abundance of Lautropia and Gemella were higher in E group, whereas relative abundance of Haemophilus and Neisseria were higher in NE group when compared to C group. Abiotrophia and Oribacterium were higher in OLP (combining E and NE groups), while Eikenella and Aggregatibacter were lower when compared to C group. There was statistically significance in α-diversity between E and RAU groups(p < 0.05). Significant differences in β-diversity were detected in bacteria between E and C; NE and C; as well as E and NE groups. The LDA effect size algorithm identified the g_Haemophilus might be the potential biomarker in NE group.ConclusionsWe found that salivary microbiome in erosive OLP was significantly different from that found in RAU; and these changes may be related to the underlying disease process rather than presence of ulcerative/erosive lesions clinically. In addition, our findings in bacterial relative abundance in OLP were significantly different from the previously reported findings, which points to the need for further research in salivary microbiome of OLP.

Dataset Information

Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy.

Publications

Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy.

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