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?2?1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and?-Independent Fashion.

ABSTRACT: It has been shown in vitro that only specific dietary fibers contribute to immunity, but studies in vivo are not conclusive. Here, we investigated degree of polymerization (DP) dependent effects of ?2?1-fructans on immunity via microbiota-dependent and -independent effects. To this end, conventional or germ-free mice received short- or long-chain ?2?1-fructan for 5?days. Immune cell populations in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches (PPs) were analyzed with flow cytometry, genome-wide gene expression in the ileum was measured with microarray, and gut microbiota composition was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples. We found that ?2?1-fructans modulated immunity by both microbiota and microbiota-independent effects. Moreover, effects were dependent on the chain-length of the ?2?1-fructans type polymer. Both short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructans enhanced T-helper 1 cells in PPs, whereas only short-chain ?2?1-fructans increased regulatory T cells and CD11b-CD103- dendritic cells (DCs) in the MLN. A common feature after short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructan treatment was enhanced 2-alpha-l-fucosyltransferase 2 expression and other IL-22-dependent genes in the ileum of conventional mice. These effects were not associated with shifts in gut microbiota composition, or altered production of short-chain fatty acids. Both short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructans also induced immune effects in germ-free animals, demonstrating direct effect independent from the gut microbiota. Also, these effects were dependent on the chain-length of the ?2?1-fructans. Short-chain ?2?1-fructan induced lower CD80 expression by CD11b-CD103- DCs in PPs, whereas long-chain ?2?1-fructan specifically modulated B cell responses in germ-free mice. In conclusion, support of immunity is determined by the chemical structure of ?2?1-fructans and is partially microbiota independent.

SUBMITTER: Fransen F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5311052 | biostudies-literature | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

β2→1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Fashion.

Fransen Floris F Sahasrabudhe Neha M NM Elderman Marlies M Bosveld Margaret M El Aidy Sahar S Hugenholtz Floor F Borghuis Theo T Kousemaker Ben B Winkel Simon S van der Gaast-de Jongh Christa C de Jonge Marien I MI Boekschoten Mark V MV Smidt Hauke H Schols Henk A HA de Vos Paul P

Frontiers in immunology 20170216

It has been shown in vitro that only specific dietary fibers contribute to immunity, but studies in vivo are not conclusive. Here, we investigated degree of polymerization (DP) dependent effects of β2→1-fructans on immunity via microbiota-dependent and -independent effects. To this end, conventional or germ-free mice received short- or long-chain β2→1-fructan for 5 days. Immune cell populations in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches (PPs) were anal ...[more]

PMID: 28261212

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Project description:Probiotic microorganisms may benefit the host by influencing diverse physiological processes, whose nature and underlying mechanisms are still largely unexplored. Animal models are a unique tool to understand the complexity of the interactions between probiotic microorganisms, the intestinal microbiota, and the host. In this regard, in this pilot study, we compared the effects of 5-day administration of three different probiotic bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb23sg, Lactobacillus helveticus MIMLh5, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DG) on three distinct murine intestinal sites (ileum, cecum, and colon). All probiotics preferentially colonized the cecum and colon. In addition, probiotics reduced in the ileum and increased in the cecum and colon the relative abundance of numerous bacterial taxonomic units. MIMBb23sg and DG increased the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ileum, which is involved in epithelial homeostasis. In addition, MIMBb23sg upregulated cytokine IL-10 in the ileum and downregulated the cyclooxygenase COX-2 in the colon, suggesting an anti-inflammatory/regulatory activity. MIMBb23sg significantly affected the expression of the main gene involved in serotonin synthesis (TPH1) and the gene coding for the serotonin reuptake protein (SERT) in the ileum and colon, suggesting a potential propulsive effect toward the distal part of the gut, whereas the impact of MIMLh5 and DG on serotonergic genes suggested an effect toward motility control. The three probiotics decreased the expression of the permeability marker zonulin in gut distal sites. This preliminary in vivo study demonstrated the safety of the tested probiotic strains and their common ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota. The probiotics affected host gene expression in a strain-specific manner. Notably, the observed effects in the gut were site dependent. This study provides a rationale for investigating the effects of probiotics on the serotonergic system, which is a topic still widely unexplored.

Dataset Information

?2?1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and?-Independent Fashion.

Publications

β2→1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System <i>In Vivo</i> in a Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Fashion.

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