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Ovarian hormones and obesity.

ABSTRACT: Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role.We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clinical literature on the effects of ovarian hormones on the physiology of adipose tissue (AT) and the regulation of AT mass by energy intake and EE.Articles in English indexed in PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight regulation and (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging research foci with clinical translational potential rather than to provide a comprehensive review.We find that estrogens play a leading role in the causes and consequences of female obesity. With respect to adiposity, estrogens synergize with AT genes to increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous AT mass and decrease central AT mass in reproductive-age women, which leads to protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss of estrogens after menopause, independent of aging, increases total AT mass and decreases lean body mass, so that there is little net effect on body weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's protective AT distribution. These effects can be counteracted by estrogen treatment. With respect to eating, increasing estrogen levels progressively decrease eating during the follicular and peri-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Progestin levels are associated with eating during the luteal phase, but there does not appear to be a causal relationship. Progestins may increase binge eating and eating stimulated by negative emotional states during the luteal phase. Pre-clinical research indicates that one mechanism for the pre-ovulatory decrease in eating is a central action of estrogens to increase the satiating potency of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another mechanism involves a decrease in the preference for sweet foods during the follicular phase. Genetic defects in brain ?-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead to a syndrome of overeating and obesity that is particularly pronounced in women and in female animals. The syndrome appears around puberty in mice with genetic deletions of MC4R, suggesting a role of ovarian hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data indicates that fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect eating by influencing striatal dopaminergic processing of flavor hedonics and lateral prefrontal cortex processing of cognitive inhibitory controls of eating. There is a dearth of research on the neuroendocrine control of eating after menopause. There is also comparatively little research on the effects of ovarian hormones on EE, although changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do affect resting EE.The markedly greater obesity burden in women makes understanding the diverse effects of ovarian hormones on eating, EE and body adiposity urgent research challenges. A variety of research modalities can be used to investigate these effects in women, and most of the mechanisms reviewed are accessible in animal models. Therefore, human and translational research on the roles of ovarian hormones in women's obesity and its causes should be intensified to gain further mechanistic insights that may ultimately be translated into novel anti-obesity therapies and thereby improve women's health.

SUBMITTER: Leeners B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5850121 | biostudies-literature | 2017 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Ovarian hormones and obesity.

Leeners Brigitte B Geary Nori N Tobler Philippe N PN Asarian Lori L

Human reproduction update 20170501 3

<h4>Background</h4>Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role.<h4>Objective and rationale</h4>We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clini ...[more]

PMID: 28333235

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Premenopausal women have a lower risk of hypertension compared to age-matched men and postmenopausal women. P2Y2 and P2Y4 purinoceptor can be considered potential contributors to hypertension due to their emerging roles in regulating renal tubular Na+ transport. Activation of these receptors inhibits epithelial Na+ channel activity (ENaC) via a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent pathway resulting in natriuresis. We recently reported that activation of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors in the renal medulla by UTP promotes natriuresis in male and ovariectomized (OVX) rats, but not in ovary-intact females. This led us to hypothesize that ovary-intact females have greater basal renal medullary activity of P2 (P2Y2 and P2Y4) receptors regulating Na+ excretion compared to male and OVX rats. METHODS:To test our hypothesis, we determined (i) the effect of inhibiting medullary P2 receptors by suramin (750??g/kg/min) on urinary Na+ excretion in anesthetized male, ovary-intact female, and OVX Sprague Dawley rats, (ii) mRNA expression and protein abundance of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors, and (iii) mRNA expression of their downstream effectors (PLC-1? and ENaC?) in renal inner medullary tissues obtained from these three groups. We also subjected cultured mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells (segment 3, mIMCD3) to different concentrations of 17ß-estradiol (E2, 0, 10, 100, and 1000?nM) to test whether E2 increases mRNA expression of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors. RESULTS:Acute P2 inhibition attenuated urinary Na+ excretion in ovary-intact females, but not in male or OVX rats. We found that P2Y2 and P2Y4 mRNA expression was higher in the inner medulla from females compared to males or OVX. Inner medullary lysates showed that ovary-intact females have higher P2Y2 receptor protein abundance, compared to males; however, OVX did not eliminate this sex difference. We also found that E2 dose-dependently upregulated P2Y2 and P2Y4 mRNA expression in mIMCD3. CONCLUSION:These data suggest that ovary-intact females have enhanced P2Y2 and P2Y4-dependent regulation of Na+ handling in the renal medulla, compared to male and OVX rats. We speculate that the P2 pathway contributes to facilitated renal Na+ handling in premenopausal females.

Project description:Background:Multidrug resistance transporters (MDRs) are transmembrane proteins that efflux metabolites and xenobiotics. They are highly conserved in sequence and function in bacteria and eukaryotes and play important roles in cellular homeostasis, as well as in avoidance of antibiotics and cancer therapies. Recent evidence also documents a critical role in reproductive health and in protecting the ovary from environmental toxicant effects. The most well understood MDRs are MDR-1 (P-glycoprotein (P-gp) also known as ABCB1) and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) and are both expressed in the ovary. We have previously shown that MDR-1 mRNA steady state expression changes throughout the murine estrous cycle, but expression appears to increase in association with the surge in estradiol during proestrus. Methods:Here we test the model that MDR-1 and BCRP are regulated by estrogen, the major hormonal product of the ovary. This was performed by administering 6-week-old female mice either sesame oil (vehicle control) or oral ethinyl estradiol at 1 ?g, 10 ?g, and 100 ?g or PROGESTERONE at 0.25mg, 0.5 mg or 1 mg or a combination of both for 5 days. The mice were then sacrificed, and the ovaries were removed and cleaned. Ovaries were used for qPCR, immunoblotting, and immnunolabeling. Results:We found that oral ethinyl estradiol did not influence the steady state mRNA of MDR-1 or BCRP. Remarkably, the effect on mRNA levels neither increased or decreased in abundance upon estrogen exposures. Conversely, we observed less MDR-1 protein expression in the groups treated with 1 ?g and 10 ?g, but not 100 ?g of ethinyl estradiol compared to controls. MDR-1 and BCRP are both expressed in pre-ovulatory follicles. When we tested progesterone, we found that MDR-1 mRNA increased at the dosages of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg, but protein expression levels were not statistically significant. Combined oral ethinyl estradiol and progesterone significantly lowered both MDR-1 mRNA and protein. Conclusions:Progesterone appears to influence MDR-1 transcript levels, or steady state levels. This could have implications for better understanding how MDR-1 can be modulated during times of toxic exposure. Understanding the normal physiology of MDR-1 in the ovary will expand the current knowledge in cancer biology and reproduction.

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Ovarian hormones and obesity.

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Ovarian hormones and obesity.

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