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Serum amyloid a as an indicator of impending xenograft failure: Experimental studies.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:There is well-documented systemic inflammatory response in xenograft recipients to the presence of a pig graft. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an inflammatory marker that is elevated in various pathological states. The assay used to measure it is (i) simple, (ii) relatively inexpensive, and (iii) provides an answer within minutes. METHOD:The levels of SAA (n?=?11) and C-reactive protein (C-RP) (n?=?8) were measured retrospectively in the serum of baboons with pig kidney transplants, who received therapy with an IL-6R inhibitor and a TNF-? antagonist. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to identify amyloid A and C-RP expression in the native livers and deposition in the pig kidney grafts. RESULTS:One kidney graft underwent hyperacute rejection, 6 (55%) underwent acute antibody-mediated rejection, 3 baboons (27%) were euthanized for serious systemic infections, and one was euthanized for acute gastric dilatation. The SAA increased temporarily after kidney transplantation, and increased again by the day of euthanasia, indicating moderate (n?=?3) or significant (severe) (n?=?8) inflammation. In contrast, as the baboons were receiving tocilizumab, C-RP did not increase. There was greater expression of amyloid A in baboon livers (by IHC) than of C-RP (mean OD 53 vs 1, p?

SUBMITTER: Zhang G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6310230 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Serum amyloid a as an indicator of impending xenograft failure: Experimental studies.

Zhang Guoqiang G Hara Hidetaka H Yamamoto Takayuki T Li Qi Q Jagdale Abhijit A Li Yong Y Cooper David K C DKC Iwase Hayato H

International journal of surgery (London, England) 20181203

<h4>Background</h4>There is well-documented systemic inflammatory response in xenograft recipients to the presence of a pig graft. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an inflammatory marker that is elevated in various pathological states. The assay used to measure it is (i) simple, (ii) relatively inexpensive, and (iii) provides an answer within minutes.<h4>Method</h4>The levels of SAA (n = 11) and C-reactive protein (C-RP) (n = 8) were measured retrospectively in the serum of baboons with pig kidney trans ...[more]

PMID: 30521954

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Project description:An extensive review of the literature describing epiphytes on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), especially seagrasses, was conducted in order to evaluate the evidence for response of epiphyte metrics to increased nutrients. Evidence from field observational studies, together with laboratory and field mesocosm experiments, was assembled from the literature and evaluated for a hypothesized positive response to nutrient addition. There was general consistency in the results to confirm that elevated nutrients tended to increase the load of epiphytes on the surface of SAV, in the absence of other limiting factors. In spite of multiple sources of uncontrolled variation, positive relationships of epiphyte load to nutrient concentration or load (either nitrogen or phosphorus) often were observed along strong anthropogenic or natural nutrient gradients in coastal regions. Such response patterns may only be evident for parts of the year. Results from both mesocosm and field experiments also generally support the increase of epiphytes with increased nutrients, although outcomes from field experiments tended to be more variable. Relatively few studies with nutrient addition in mesocosms have been done with tropical or subtropical species, and more such controlled experiments would be helpful. Experimental duration influenced results, with more positive responses of epiphytes to nutrients at shorter durations in mesocosm experiments versus more positive responses at longer durations in field experiments. In the field, response of epiphyte biomass to nutrient additions was independent of climate zone. Mesograzer activity was a critical covariate for epiphyte response under experimental nutrient elevation, but the epiphyte response was highly dependent on factors such as grazer identity and density, as well as nutrient and ambient light levels. The balance of evidence suggests that epiphytes on SAV will be a useful indicator of persistent nutrient enhancement in many situations. Careful selection of appropriate temporal and spatial constraints for data collection, and concurrent evaluation of confounding factors will help increase the signal to noise ratio for this indicator.

Dataset Information

Serum amyloid a as an indicator of impending xenograft failure: Experimental studies.

Publications

Serum amyloid a as an indicator of impending xenograft failure: Experimental studies.

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