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Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.

ABSTRACT: Densely arranged N-linked glycans shield the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer from antibody recognition. Strain-specific breaches in this shield (glycan holes) can be targets of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies that lack breadth. To understand the interplay between glycan holes and neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infection, we developed a sequence- and structure-based approach to identify glycan holes for individual Env sequences that are shielded in most M-group viruses. Applying this approach to 12 longitudinally followed individuals, we found that transmitted viruses with more intact glycan shields correlated with development of greater neutralization breadth. Within 2 years, glycan acquisition filled most glycan holes present at transmission, indicating escape from hole-targeting neutralizing antibodies. Glycan hole filling generally preceded the time to first detectable breadth, although time intervals varied across hosts. Thus, completely glycan-shielded viruses were associated with accelerated neutralization breadth development, suggesting that Env immunogens with intact glycan shields may be preferred components of AIDS vaccines.

SUBMITTER: Wagh K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6426304 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.

Wagh Kshitij K Kreider Edward F EF Li Yingying Y Barbian Hannah J HJ Learn Gerald H GH Giorgi Elena E Hraber Peter T PT Decker Timothy G TG Smith Andrew G AG Gondim Marcos V MV Gillis Lindsey L Wandzilak Jamie J Chuang Gwo-Yu GY Rawi Reda R Cai Fangping F Pellegrino Pierre P Williams Ian I Overbaugh Julie J Gao Feng F Kwong Peter D PD Haynes Barton F BF Shaw George M GM Borrow Persephone P Seaman Michael S MS Hahn Beatrice H BH Korber Bette B

Cell reports 20181001 4

Densely arranged N-linked glycans shield the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer from antibody recognition. Strain-specific breaches in this shield (glycan holes) can be targets of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies that lack breadth. To understand the interplay between glycan holes and neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infection, we developed a sequence- and structure-based approach to identify glycan holes for individual Env sequences that are shielded in most M-group viruses. Applying this approac ...[more]

PMID: 30355496

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Project description:Identifying whether viral features present in acute HIV-1 infection predetermine the development of neutralization breadth is critical to vaccine design. Incorporating such features in vaccine antigens could initiate cross-reactive antibody responses that could sufficiently protect vaccinees from HIV-1 infection despite the uniqueness of each founder virus. To understand the relationship between Env determinants and the development of neutralization breadth, we focused on 197 individuals enrolled in two cohorts in Thailand and East Africa (RV144 and RV217) and followed since their diagnosis in acute or early HIV-1 infection. We analyzed the distribution of variable loop lengths and glycans, as well as the predicted density of the glycan shield, and compared these envelope features to the neutralization breadth data obtained 3 years after infection (n = 121). Our study revealed limited evidence for glycan shield features that associate with the development of neutralization breadth. While the glycan shield tended to be denser in participants who subsequently developed breadth, no significant relationship was found between the size of glycan holes and the development of neutralization breadth. The parallel analysis of 3,000 independent Env sequences showed no evidence of directional evolution of glycan shield features since the beginning of the epidemic. Together, our results highlight that glycan shield features in acute and early HIV-1 infection may not play a role determinant enough to dictate the development of neutralization breadth and instead suggest that the glycan shield's reactive properties that are associated with immune evasion may have a greater impact. IMPORTANCE A major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research is to design vaccine candidates that elicit potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Different viral features have been associated with the development of bNAbs, including the glycan shield on the surface of the HIV-1 Envelope (Env). Here, we analyzed data from two cohorts of individuals who were followed from early infection to several years after infection spanning multiple HIV-1 subtypes. We compared Env glycan features in HIV-1 sequences obtained in early infection to the potency and breadth of neutralizing antibodies measured 1 to 3 years after infection. We found limited evidence of glycan shield properties that associate with the development of neutralization breadth in these cohorts. These results may have important implications for antigen design in future vaccine strategies and emphasize that HIV-1 vaccines will need to rely on a complex set of properties to elicit neutralization breadth.

Project description:The goals of preclinical HIV vaccine studies in nonhuman primates are to develop and test different approaches for their ability to generate protective immunity. Here, we compared the impact of 7 different vaccine modalities, all expressing the HIV-1 1086.C clade C envelope (Env), on (i) the magnitude and durability of antigen-specific serum antibody responses and (ii) autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody capacity. These vaccination regimens included immunization with different combinations of DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), soluble gp140 protein, and different adjuvants. Serum samples collected from 130 immunized monkeys at two key time points were analyzed using the TZM-bl cell assay: at 2 weeks after the final immunization (week 40/41) and on the day of challenge (week 58). Key initial findings were that inclusion of a gp140 protein boost had a significant impact on the magnitude and durability of Env-specific IgG antibodies, and addition of 3M-052 adjuvant was associated with better neutralizing activity against the SHIV1157ipd3N4 challenge virus and a heterologous HIV-1 CRF01 Env, CNE8. We measured neutralization against a panel of 12 tier 2 Envs using a newly described computational tool to quantify serum neutralization potency by factoring in the predetermined neutralization tier of each reference Env. This analysis revealed modest neutralization breadth, with DNA/MVA immunization followed by gp140 protein boosts in 3M-052 adjuvant producing the best scores. This study highlights that protein-containing regimens provide a solid foundation for the further development of novel adjuvants and inclusion of trimeric Env immunogens that could eventually elicit a higher level of neutralizing antibody breadth.IMPORTANCE Despite much progress, we still do not have a clear understanding of how to elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response against HIV-1 through vaccination. There have been great strides in the development of envelope immunogens that mimic the virus particle, but less is known about how different vaccination modalities and adjuvants contribute to shaping the antibody response. We compared seven different vaccines that were administered to rhesus macaques and that delivered the same envelope protein through various modalities and with different adjuvants. The results demonstrate that some vaccine components are better than others at eliciting neutralizing antibodies with breadth.

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Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.

Publications

Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.

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