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ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation.

ABSTRACT: Malnutrition affects up to one billion people in the world and is a major cause of mortality. In many cases, malnutrition is associated with diarrhoea and intestinal inflammation, further contributing to morbidity and death. The mechanisms by which unbalanced dietary nutrients affect intestinal homeostasis are largely unknown. Here we report that deficiency in murine angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2 (Ace2), which encodes a key regulatory enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), results in highly increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation induced by epithelial damage. The RAS is known to be involved in acute lung failure, cardiovascular functions and SARS infections. Mechanistically, ACE2 has a RAS-independent function, regulating intestinal amino acid homeostasis, expression of antimicrobial peptides, and the ecology of the gut microbiome. Transplantation of the altered microbiota from Ace2 mutant mice into germ-free wild-type hosts was able to transmit the increased propensity to develop severe colitis. ACE2-dependent changes in epithelial immunity and the gut microbiota can be directly regulated by the dietary amino acid tryptophan. Our results identify ACE2 as a key regulator of dietary amino acid homeostasis, innate immunity, gut microbial ecology, and transmissible susceptibility to colitis. These results provide a molecular explanation for how amino acid malnutrition can cause intestinal inflammation and diarrhoea.

SUBMITTER: Hashimoto T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7095315 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Persons with cystic fibrosis (CF), starting in early life, show intestinal microbiome dysbiosis characterized in part by a decreased relative abundance of the genus Bacteroides. Bacteroides is a major producer of the intestinal short chain fatty acid propionate. We demonstrate here that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-defective (CFTR-/-) Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells are responsive to the anti-inflammatory effects of propionate. Furthermore, Bacteroides isolates inhibit the IL-1β-induced inflammatory response of CFTR-/- Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and do so in a propionate-dependent manner. The introduction of Bacteroides-supplemented stool from infants with cystic fibrosis into the gut of CftrF508del mice results in higher propionate in the stool as well as the reduction in several systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bacteroides supplementation also reduced the fecal relative abundance of Escherichia coli, indicating a potential interaction between these two microbes, consistent with previous clinical studies. For a Bacteroides propionate mutant in the mouse model, pro-inflammatory cytokine KC is higher in the airway and serum compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, with no significant difference in the absolute abundance of these two strains. Taken together, our data indicate the potential multiple roles of Bacteroides-derived propionate in the modulation of systemic and airway inflammation and mediating the intestinal ecology of infants and children with CF. The roles of Bacteroides and the propionate it produces may help explain the observed gut-lung axis in CF and could guide the development of probiotics to mitigate systemic and airway inflammation for persons with CF.IMPORTANCEThe composition of the gut microbiome in persons with CF is correlated with lung health outcomes, a phenomenon referred to as the gut-lung axis. Here, we demonstrate that the intestinal microbe Bacteroides decreases inflammation through the production of the short-chain fatty acid propionate. Supplementing the levels of Bacteroides in an animal model of CF is associated with reduced systemic inflammation and reduction in the relative abundance of the opportunistically pathogenic group Escherichia/Shigella in the gut. Taken together, these data demonstrate a key role for Bacteroides and microbially produced propionate in modulating inflammation, gut microbial ecology, and the gut-lung axis in cystic fibrosis. These data support the role of Bacteroides as a potential probiotic in CF.

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ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation.

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