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Deciphering site 3 interactions of interleukin 12 and interleukin 23 with their cognate murine and human receptors.

ABSTRACT: Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 belong to the IL-12 type family and are composite cytokines, consisting of the common β subunit p40 and the specific cytokine α subunit p35 and p19, respectively. IL-12 signals via the IL-12Rβ1·IL-12Rβ2 receptor complex, and IL-23 uses also IL-12Rβ1 but engages IL-23R as second receptor. Importantly, binding of IL-12 and IL-23 to IL-12Rβ1 is mediated by p40, and binding to IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R is mediated by p35 and p19, respectively. Previously, we have identified a W157A substitution at site 3 of murine IL-23p19 that abrogates binding to murine IL-23R. Here, we demonstrate that the analogous Y185R site 3 substitution in murine and Y189R site 3 substitution in human IL-12p35 abolishes binding to IL-12Rβ2 in a cross-species manner. Although Trp¹⁵⁷ is conserved between murine and human IL-23p19 (Trp¹⁵⁶ in the human ortholog), the site 3 W156A substitution in hIL-23p19 did not affect signaling of cells expressing human IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23R, suggesting that the interface of murine IL-23p19 required for binding to IL-23R is different from that in the human ortholog. Hence, we introduced additional hIL-23p19 substitutions within its binding interface to hIL-23R and found that the combined site 3 substitutions of W156A and L160E, which become buried at the complex interface, disrupt binding of hIL-23p19 to hIL-23R. In summary, we have identified substitutions in IL-12p35 and IL-23p19 that disrupt binding to their cognate receptors IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R in a murine/human cross-species manner.

SUBMITTER: Esch A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7383385 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Non-canonical interleukin 23 receptor complex assembly: p40 protein recruits interleukin 12 receptor β1 via site II and induces p19/interleukin 23 receptor interaction via site III.

Project description:IL-23, composed of the cytokine subunit p19 and the soluble α receptor subunit p40, binds to a receptor complex consisting of the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) and the IL-12 receptor β1 (IL-12Rβ1). Complex formation was hypothesized to follow the "site I-II-III" architectural paradigm, with site I of p19 being required for binding to p40, whereas sites II and III of p19 mediate binding to IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23R, respectively. Here we show that the binding mode of p19 to p40 and of p19 to IL-23R follow the canonical site I and III paradigm but that interaction of IL-23 to IL-12Rβ1 is independent of site II in p19. Instead, binding of IL-23 to the cytokine binding module of IL-12Rβ1 is mediated by domains 1 and 2 of p40 via corresponding site II amino acids of IL-12Rβ1. Moreover, domains 2 and 3 of p40 were sufficient for complex formation with p19 and to induce binding of p19 to IL-23R. The Fc-tagged fusion protein of p40_D2D3/p19 did, however, not act as a competitive IL-23 antagonist but, at higher concentrations, induced proliferation via IL-23R but independent of IL-12Rβ1. On the basis of our experimental validation, we propose a non-canonical topology of the IL-23·IL-23R·IL-12Rβ1 complex. Furthermore, our data help to explain why p40 is an antagonist of IL-23 and IL-12 signaling and show that site II of p19 is dispensable for IL-23 signaling.

| S-EPMC4281739 | biostudies-literature

Human and Murine Interleukin 23 Receptors Are Novel Substrates for A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17.

Project description:IL-23 (interleukin 23) regulates immune responses against pathogens and plays a major role in the differentiation and maintenance of TH17 cells and the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. The IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) complex consists of the unique IL-23R and the common IL-12 receptor ?1 (IL-12R?1). Differential splicing generates antagonistic soluble IL-23R (sIL-23R) variants, which might limit IL-23-mediated immune responses. Here, ectodomain shedding of human and murine IL-23R was identified as an alternative pathway for the generation of sIL-23R. Importantly, proteolytically released sIL-23R has IL-23 binding activity. Shedding of IL-23R was induced by stimulation with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but not by ionomycin. PMA-induced shedding was abrogated by an ADAM (A disintegrin and metalloprotease) 10 and 17 selective inhibitor, but not by an ADAM10 selective inhibitor. ADAM17-deficient but not ADAM10-deficient HEK293 cells failed to shed IL-23R after PMA stimulation, demonstrating that ADAM17 but not ADAM10 cleaves the IL-23R. Constitutive shedding was, however, inhibited by an ADAM10 selective inhibitor. Using deletions and specific amino acid residue exchanges, we identified critical determinants of ectodomain shedding within the stalk region of the IL-23R. Finally, interaction studies identified domains 1 and 3 of the IL-23R as the main ADAM17 binding sites. In summary, we describe human and murine IL-23R as novel targets for protein ectodomain shedding by ADAM10 and ADAM17.

| S-EPMC4865905 | biostudies-literature

Differential regulation of interleukin 12 and interleukin 23 production in human dendritic cells.

Project description:We analyzed interleukin (IL) 12 and IL-23 production by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mono-DCs). Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and zymosan preferentially induced IL-23. IL-23 but not IL-12 was efficiently induced by the combination of nucleotide-binding oligodimerization domain and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands, which mimics activation by M. tuberculosis, or by the human dectin-1 ligand beta-glucan alone or in combination with TLR2 ligands, mimicking induction by zymosan. TLR2 ligands inhibited IL-12 and increased IL-23 production. DC priming with interferon (IFN) gamma strongly increased IL-12 production, but was not required for IL-23 production and inhibited IL-23 production induced by beta-glucan. The pattern of IL-12 and IL-23 induction was reflected in accumulation of the IL-12p35 and IL-23p19 transcripts, respectively, but not IL-12/23p40. Although IL-23, transforming growth factor beta, and IL-6 contained in the supernatants of activated mono-DCs played a role in the induction of IL-17 by human CD4(+) T cells, IL-1beta, in combination with one or more of those factors, was required for IL-17 production, and its production determined the differential ability of the stimuli used to elicit mono-DCs to produce soluble factors directing IL-17 production. Thus, the differential ability of pathogens to induce antigen-presenting cells to produce cytokines regulates the immune response to infection.

| S-EPMC2413040 | biostudies-literature

Interleukin-12 and Interleukin-23 Blockade in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 1.

Project description:A patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD1) had severe periodontitis and an intractable, deep, nonhealing sacral wound. We had previously found a dominant interleukin-23-interleukin-17 signature at inflamed sites in humans with LAD1 and in mouse models of the disorder. Blockade of this pathway in mouse models has resulted in resolution of the immunopathologic condition. We treated our patient with ustekinumab, an antibody that binds the p40 subunit of interleukin-23 and interleukin-12 and thereby blocks the activity of these cytokines, inhibiting interleukin-23-dependent production of interleukin-17. After 1 year of therapy, our patient had resolution of his inflammatory lesions without serious infections or adverse reactions. Inhibition of interleukin-23 and interleukin-17 may have a role in the management of LAD1. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others.).

| S-EPMC5494261 | biostudies-literature

Sirtuin 1 is a key regulator of the interleukin-12 p70/interleukin-23 balance in human dendritic cells.

Project description:Stimulation of human dendritic cells with the fungal surrogate zymosan produces IL-23 and a low amount of IL-12 p70. Trans-repression of il12a transcription, which encodes IL-12 p35 chain, by proteins of the Notch family and lysine deacetylation reactions have been reported as the underlying mechanisms, but a number of questions remain to be addressed. Zymosan produced the location of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) to the nucleus, enhanced its association with the il12a promoter, increased the nuclear concentration of the SIRT1 co-substrate NAD(+), and decreased chromatin accessibility in the nucleosome-1 of il12a, which contains a κB-site. The involvement of deacetylation reactions in the inhibition of il12a transcription was supported by the absence of Ac-Lys-14-histone H3 in dendritic cells treated with zymosan upon coimmunoprecipitation of transducin-like enhancer of split. In contrast, we did not obtain evidence of a possible effect of SIRT1 through the deacetylation of c-Rel, the central element of the NF-κB family involved in il12a regulation. These data indicate that an enhancement of SIRT1 activity in response to phagocytic stimuli may reduce the accessibility of c-Rel to the il12a promoter and its transcriptional activation, thus regulating the IL-12 p70/IL-23 balance and modulating the ongoing immune response.

| S-EPMC3471763 | biostudies-literature

Accelerated wound healing phenotype in Interleukin 12/23 deficient mice.

Project description:BackgroundThe concept that a strong inflammatory response involving the full complement of cytokines and other mediators is critical for unimpaired healing has been challenged by wound healing studies using transgenic and knockout (KO) mice. The present study explored the effect of abrogation of the p40 subunit, which is shared by the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, on wound closure of excisional oral mucosal wounds.MethodsDouble IL-12 and IL-23 KO mice and C57BL ? 6J wildtype mice were wounded on the dorsal surface of the tongue using a 2 mm biopsy punch. The degree of epithelialization was examined histologically. At specific timepoints wounds were examined for cellular and molecular markers for inflammation and angiogenesis using 1) immunohistochemistry; 2) analysis of RNA expression; and 3) flow cytometric analysis.ResultsCompared to wild type controls, KO mice displayed enhanced healing, which was driven by a greater influx of neutrophils and macrophages during the early stages of wound healing, and increased induction of messenger RNA (mRNA) for endothelial derived neutrophil attractant (ENA78) chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 alpha (MIP-2?). Increased mRNA for monocyte-attracting chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and MCP-3 was seen from day 1, together with higher levels of IL-1? and IL-6 within 24 hours after wounding. In addition, mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A was upregulated in KO mice within 2 hours after injury, and higher expression of this mediator was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.ConclusionOverall, the accelerated oral mucosal wound healing seen in IL-12/IL-23p40 KO compared to wildtype mice was associated with the early establishment of an inflammatory response and vascularization.

| S-EPMC3296624 | biostudies-literature

Interleukin-12 and -23 blockade mitigates elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Project description:Macrophages play an important role in the inflammatory process that contributes to the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Studies of human and mouse AAA tissue reveal expanded populations of macrophages producing an abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-12p40 and high level of metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) at the late stages of disease. Herein, we show that blockade of IL-12p40 in the early phase of aneurysm development suppresses macrophage expansion, inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 production and mitigates AAA development. Since IL-12 and IL-23 are related cytokines that share the common p40 subunit, we also evaluate the effect of direct IL-23 blockade on the development of AAA. Specific IL-23p19 blockade prevents AAA progression with the same efficiency as IL-12p40 antagonism, suggesting that the efficacy of anti-IL-12p40 treatment may reflect IL-23 blockade. IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 are also abundantly expressed in human AAA tissue. Our findings have potential translational value since IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 antagonists already exist as FDA-approved therapeutics for various chronic inflammatory conditions.

| S-EPMC6639297 | biostudies-literature

The structure of interleukin-23 reveals the molecular basis of p40 subunit sharing with interleukin-12.

Project description:Interleukin (IL)-23 is a recently identified member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines that modulate subpopulations of T helper cells, and both IL-12 and IL-23 are attractive targets for therapy of autoimmune diseases. IL-23 is a binary complex of a four-helix bundle cytokine (p19) and a soluble class I cytokine receptor p40. IL-12 and IL-23 share p40 as an alpha-receptor subunit, yet show only 15% sequence homology between their four-helix cytokines p19 and p35, respectively, and signal through different combinations of shared receptors. In order to elucidate the structural basis of p40 sharing, we have determined a 2.3-A crystal structure of IL-23 for comparison to the previously determined structure of IL-12. The docking mode of p19 to p40 is altered compared to p35, deviating by a 'tilt' and 'roll' that results in an altered footprint of p40 on the A and D helices of the respective cytokines. Binding of p19 to p40 is mediated primarily by an arginine residue on helix D of p19 that forms an extensive charge and hydrogen-bonding network with residues at the base of a pocket on p40. This 'arginine pocket' is lined with an inner shell of hydrophobic interactions that are ringed by an outer shell of polar interactions. Comparative analysis indicates that the IL-23 and IL-12 complexes 'mimic' the network of interactions constituting the central arginine pocket despite p19 and p35 having limited sequence homology. The majority of the structural epitopes in the two complexes are composed of unique p19 and p35 pairwise contacts with common residues on p40. Thus, while the critical hotspot is maintained in the two complexes, the majority of the interfaces are structurally distinct and, therefore, provide a basis for the therapeutic targeting of IL-12 versus IL-23 heterodimer formation despite their use of a common receptor subunit.

| S-EPMC2666310 | biostudies-literature

Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 and Their Conflicting Roles in Cancer.

Project description:The balance of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 plays a key role in shaping the development of antitumor or protumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the role IL-12 and IL-23 plays in tumor biology from preclinical and clinical data. In particular, we discuss the mechanism by which IL-23 promotes tumor growth and metastases and how the IL-12/IL-23 axis of inflammation can be targeted for cancer therapy.

| S-EPMC6028064 | biostudies-literature

Interleukin-12 and host defense against murine Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Project description:Little is known about the role of the cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) in Pneumocystis pneumonia or its potential use as immunotherapy. We asked whether release of IL-12 is part of the normal host response to this infection and whether local treatment with IL-12 or gene transfer of IL-12 could accelerate clearance of infection. IL-12 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in normal mice and in mice deficient in IL-12 after inoculation of Pneumocystis carinii. P. carinii-infected mice were treated with local instillation of IL-12 and gene transfer of the IL-12 gene. Inoculation of P. carinii into normal mice evoked a brisk release of IL-12 into lung tissue, and IL-12 P35-deficient mice showed delayed clearance of infection measured by PCR for P. carinii rRNA. In control mice, intranasal recombinant IL-12 accelerated clearance of infection, and this was associated with increased recruitment of inflammatory cells into lavage fluid and increased release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-12, and gamma interferon. Similar results were observed in infected mice depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes by using in vivo transfer of the IL-12 gene in a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. IL-12 is part of the normal host response to infection with P. carinii. IL-12 therapy can enhance host resistance to infection in both normal mice and mice depleted of CD4+ T lymphocytes. A treatment effect of IL-12 is mediated through enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment into lung tissue and increased tissue concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines.

| S-EPMC2346719 | biostudies-literature

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