Les pratiques de recherche ouvertes en psychologie? Open research practices in psychology
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lantian A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7540208 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Aboriginal peoples are the original inhabitants of Canada. These many diverse peoples have distinct languages, cultures, religious beliefs and political systems. The current dietary practices of Aboriginal peoples pose significant health risks. Interventions to improve the nutritional status of Aboriginal peoples must reflect the realities of how people make food choices and therefore should be informed by an understanding of contemporary patterns of food procurement, preparation and distribution. Most of the literature documenting the health of Aboriginal peoples is primarily epidemiologic, and there is limited discussion of the determinants that contribute to health status. The majority of studies examining dietary intake in Aboriginal communities do not aim to study the determinants of food intake per se even though many describe differences in food intake across sex, age groups, seasons and sometimes communities, and may describe factors that could have an effect on food consumption (e.g., employment status, level of education, household size, presence of a hunter/trapper/fisher, occupation, main source of income). For these reasons, there are many gaps in knowledge pertaining to the determinants of healthy eating in Aboriginal peoples that must be filled. Given the diversity of Aboriginal peoples, research to address the gaps should take place at both the national level and at a more local level. Research would be important for each of Inuit, Métis and First Nations. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/BF03405199 and is accessible for authorized users.
| S-EPMC6976035 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background A review of infectious disease research activity and capacity was performed in British Columbia and linked to a process for identifying needs, gaps and opportunities from a public health perspective. Methods The study was organized in three phases: an environmental scan to describe current research activity in BC; a consultation to identify needs, gaps and opportunities with those conducting research (key informants) and the end users of research results (stakeholders); and a prioritization of the research needs emerging from the consultation. Results Analysis and synthesis of the consultation data resulted in the identification of nine research themes, which were prioritized in the following order: efficacy and cost-benefit, disease patterns, emerging infectious disease, immunology and vaccines, disease-specific research, health promotion and communications, safe food and water, knowledge translation research and genomics. Six capacity-building themes were also identified: attraction and retention, education and training, collaboration and networks, funding, dissemination of findings, and public health input, surveillance, informatics and databases. Interpretation The findings were helpful in developing a multi-disciplinary, multi-level infectious disease research agenda linking researchers in universities, hospitals and public health institutions with practitioners and policy-makers in British Columbia’s public health system. The approach is both feasible and important to undertake at the national level. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/BF03405394 and is accessible for authorized users.
| S-EPMC6975993 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Résumé Objectif Fournir aux médecins de famille de l’information à jour, pratique et factuelle sur les lésions cérébrales traumatiques légères et les commotions cérébrales dans la population pédiatrique. Sources d’information Une recherche a été effectuée dans MEDLINE (de 1950 à février 2013), la base de données des revues systématiques Cochrane (de 2005 à 2013), le registre central Cochrane des essais contrôlés (de 2005 à 2013) et DARE (2005 à 2013) à l’aide de mots-clés liés aux commotions cérébrales et aux traumatismes crâniens. Des lignes directrices, énoncés de position, articles et rapports de recherche originaux pertinents aux lésions cérébrales traumatiques légères ont été sélectionnés. Message principal Le traumatisme est la cause principale de décès chez les enfants de plus d’un an et, dans ce groupe, le traumatisme crânien est la cause la plus fréquente d’incapacité et de décès. Neuf pour cent des blessures sportives rapportées chez les élèves du secondaire sont associées à une lésion cérébrale traumatique légère. Les médecins de famille doivent effectuer une anamnèse ciblée et un examen physique et neurologique, utiliser les instruments d’évaluation standardisés (Échelle de Glasgow; Outil d’évaluation des commotions cérébrales dans le sport, version 3; version pédiatrique de l’Outil d’évaluation des commotions cérébrales dans le sport; et échelle BESS [Balance Error Scoring System]), expliquer aux parents comment surveiller leurs enfants, décider des circonstances où les soignants ne sont pas une ressource dûment responsable, faire un suivi prompt auprès des patients, guider le retour sécuritaire au jeu ou à l’école et décider dans quelles circonstances un test neuropsychologique est nécessaire au suivi à long terme. Conclusion La prise en charge par le médecin de famille des lésions cérébrales traumatiques légères chez les enfants repose sur une anamnèse détaillée, un examen physique et neurologique, le recours à des instruments validés qui fourniront un cadre objectif et des suivis périodiques.
| S-EPMC4055339 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesFood security intervention is particularly complex in rural areas. The local stakeholders of the regional county municipality (RCM) of Portneuf wished to analyze the regional food supply in order to reduce food insecurity. The objective of this study was to characterize the RCM's food environment and to identify potential food deserts and priority intervention areas.MethodWe measured the quality of the food supply in the RCM's food stores, using four indicators: freshness, diversity, economic accessibility and relative availability. We mapped the distance between residences and the nearest food store with a favourable result for all four indices to locate potential food deserts. We then presented the mapping of the food environment to a group of local stakeholders and compared it to their own perception.ResultsThis study reveals three sectors that meet the criteria of a food desert in the RCM. Local actors did not perceive these sectors as food deserts, but thought they were at risk of becoming such in the future. We complemented the measures by taking into account the structuring impact of certain infrastructures as well as the temporal and seasonal accessibility of food stores in rural areas. Only one priority intervention area was suggested.ConclusionPresenting geographical analyses to local stakeholders improved the characterization of the studied food environment. The use of a mixed methodology has enabled the particularities of the rural environment to be better accounted for and has facilitated intersectoral mobilization around food insecurity at the regional level.
| S-EPMC6964791 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objectif Analyse de l’impact du premier mois de confinement lié à l’épidémie SARS-CoV-2 sur l’activité de consultation des otorhinolaryngologistes libéraux de l‘île de La Réunion. Méthode Étude observationnelle, multicentrique, prospective analysant l’activité de consultation de douze praticiens. Objectif principal Évaluer le nombre, les caractéristiques et les modalités des consultations réalisées. Objectifs secondaires : préciser les symptômes amenant les patients à consulter, les diagnostics évoqués, les prescriptions instaurées, les éventuelles conséquences néfastes et l’impact sur le chiffre d‘affaire. Résultats 693 consultations étaient réalisées, dont 50 % étaient demandées en urgence. 57,9 % des consultations étaient réalisées en présence du patient, 28,4 % étaient effectuées au téléphone et 13,7 % et en téléconsultation. Lors des consultations présentielles, les otorhinolaryngologistes portaient des gants et un masque respectivement dans 53,8 % et 92,2 % des cas. Le masque porté était de type chirurgical et de type FFP2 dans 71,6 % et 28,4 % de cas, respectivement. Les trois symptômes les plus fréquents (48,5 % des cas) étaient l’otalgie, les troubles de l’audition et les vertiges. Les trois diagnostics les plus fréquents (60,6 % des cas) étaient, les otites, les corps étrangers d’oreille (cérumen inclus) et les infections pharyngées. Les trois examens complémentaires les plus prescrits (74,3 % des cas) étaient l’imagerie, l’audiométrie, et l’avis d’un spécialiste médical. Les trois familles thérapeutiques les plus prescrites (52,7 % des cas) étaient les gouttes auriculaires, les antibiotiques, et les lavages de nez et/ou sprays nasaux. L’incidence des conséquences néfastes était de 0,001 % et aucun des otorhinolaryngologistes ou des patients ne semblait avoir été infecté par la Covid 19. Une baisse de 47,3 % à 91 % (médiane : 75,6 %) du chiffre d’affaire de consultation était notée. Conclusion Cette étude souligne la disponibilité et l’adaptabilité des ORL réunionnais libéraux en contexte épidémique malgré un impact économique très négatif.
| S-EPMC7301113 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Résumé Le séquençage d’ADN est devenu un outil essentiel en biologie moléculaire tant en médecine que dans de nombreuses autres disciplines des sciences de la vie. Le séquençage a été décrit il y a environ 30 ans et n’a cessé d’évoluer depuis cette période. Cette méthode est devenue une technique courante dans les laboratoires de biologie moléculaire. Les connaissances acquises grâce à cette méthode et la possibilité de séquencer des génomes de grande taille, tel que le génome humain, ont amené les chercheurs à développer des techniques de séquençage de plus en plus sophistiquées. Cet article, composé de deux parties, présente les techniques actuellement utilisées pour séquencer l’ADN, qu’il soit humain ou d’autre origine, et les méthodes de séquençage en développement. Ces dernières constituent un réel bouleversement. Le séquençage à l’échelle individuelle n’est plus loin. En dehors des problèmes éthiques qu’elle soulève, cette révolution pose de nouvelles questions, par exemple : comment interpréterons-nous les nombreuses variations génétiques observées chez un individu, quelles en seront les conséquences sur ses prédispositions génétiques aux maladies et autres risques, quels en seront les retentissements sur le phénotype ? De nombreuses études en cours cherchent les réponses. Dans tous les cas, la révolution est en marche.
| S-EPMC7147846 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the most frequent complication in patients with hematological malignancies and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. ARF etiologies are numerous, and despite extensive diagnostic workflow, some patients remain with undetermined ARF etiology. METHODS:This is a post-hoc study of a prospective multicenter cohort performed on 1011 critically ill hematological patients. Relationship between ARF etiology and hospital mortality was assessed using a multivariable regression model adjusting for confounders. RESULTS:This study included 604 patients with ARF. All patients underwent noninvasive diagnostic tests, and a bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 155 (25.6%). Definite diagnoses were classified into four exclusive etiological categories: pneumonia (44.4%), non-infectious diagnoses (32.6%), opportunistic infection (10.1%) and undetermined (12.9%), with corresponding hospital mortality rates of 40, 35, 55 and 59%, respectively. Overall hospital mortality was 42%. By multivariable analysis, factors associated with hospital mortality were invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (OR 7.57 (95% CI 3.06-21.62); p < 0.005), use of invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 1.65 (95% CI 1.07-2.55); p = 0.02), a SOFA score >7 (OR 3.32 (95% CI 2.15-5.15); p < 0.005) and an undetermined ARF etiology (OR 2.92 (95% CI 1.71-5.07); p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS:In patients with hematological malignancies and ARF, up to 13% remain with undetermined ARF etiology despite comprehensive diagnostic workup. Undetermined ARF etiology is independently associated with hospital mortality. Studies to guide second-line diagnostic strategies are warranted. ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT01172132.
| S-EPMC5080277 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The replicability of research findings has recently been disputed across multiple scientific disciplines. In constructive reaction, the research culture in psychology is facing fundamental changes, but investigations of research practices that led to these improvements have almost exclusively focused on academic researchers. By contrast, we investigated the statistical reporting quality and selected indicators of questionable research practices (QRPs) in psychology students' master's theses. In a total of 250 theses, we investigated utilization and magnitude of standardized effect sizes, along with statistical power, the consistency and completeness of reported results, and possible indications of p-hacking and further testing. Effect sizes were reported for 36% of focal tests (median r = 0.19), and only a single formal power analysis was reported for sample size determination (median observed power 1 - ? = 0.67). Statcheck revealed inconsistent p-values in 18% of cases, while 2% led to decision errors. There were no clear indications of p-hacking or further testing. We discuss our findings in the light of promoting open science standards in teaching and student supervision.
| S-EPMC6936276 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This article seeks to clarify the way in which phenomenology is conceptualized and applied in empirical research in psychiatry and psychology, emphasizing the suitability of qualitative research. It will address the "What," "Why," and "How" of phenomenological interviews, providing not only preliminary answers but also a critical analysis and pointing to future directions for research. The questions it asks are: First, what makes an interview phenomenological? What are phenomenological interviews used for in empirical research in psychiatry and psychology? Second, why do we carry out phenomenological interviews with patients? Is merely contrasting phenomenological hypotheses or concepts enough to do justice to the patients' involvement? Third, how should we conduct phenomenological interviews with patients? How can we properly perform analysis in empirical phenomenological research in psychiatry and psychology? In its conclusion, the article attempts to go a step beyond these methodological questions, highlighting the "bigger picture": namely, the phenomenological scientific paradigm and its core philosophical claim of reality as mind-dependent.
| S-EPMC7330133 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeDuring anesthesiologists' careers, a leave of absence (LOA) is common. After prolonged leave, updating may be beneficial in reducing concerns about knowledge and skill decrements. Although formal return-to-work (RTW) courses and checklists assist UK practitioners, and Australia mandates a one-month RTW program for each year away from practice, no Canadian RTW programs exist. This project aimed to determine the needs of anesthesiologists for an RTW program.MethodsThis quality improvement activity developed a needs analysis survey that was sent to all practicing anesthesiologists in Alberta. Respondents provided their opinions about the requirements necessary for an RTW program.ResultsSeventy-three of 350 eligible participants (21%) responded; one-third of respondents were female. Thirty-four respondents (47%) had taken at least one LOA, with a median [interquartile range] duration of 6 [3-12] months. Overall, respondents thought the duration of an LOA requiring formal RTW updating should be 12 [6-15] months, with a median updating period of 7 [5-20] days. Those who had previously taken an LOA thought updating should occur after a shorter absence (11 [6-12] vs 12 [6-24] months, P = 0.009) and be shorter (5 [3-12] vs 10 [5-26] days, P = 0.007). Comments indicated RTW updating should be flexible and individualized. Upgrades of computer systems and equipment plus specific skills retraining were identified.ConclusionsLeave of absences are common among anesthesiologists. Appropriate departmental support before, during, and after a gap in clinical practice could be provided by an RTW program to help endorse knowledge, skills, and confidence. Results identified the needs of Albertan anesthesiologists and provided initial guidance in the design of a user-centred RTW program.
| S-EPMC8282543 | biostudies-literature