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Preparation of a Dmap-Catalysis Lignin Epoxide and the Study of Its High Mechanical-Strength Epoxy Resins with High-Biomass Content.

ABSTRACT: The depletion of limited petroleum resources used for the fabrication of epoxy resins calls for the development of biomass-based epoxides as promising alternatives to petroleum-derived epoxides. However, it is challenging to obtain an epoxy resin with both high lignin content and excellent mechanical performance. Herein, a 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-lignin epoxide with a certain epoxy value and a small molecular weight is obtained by the catalysis of DMAP for the macromolecular lignin. It was discovered that compared to the prepared composite resin of benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC)-lignin epoxide, there is a better low-temperature storage modulus for the DMAP-lignin epoxide resin and its composite resins with high-biomass contents, and higher tensile strength for its composite resins. In particular, the DMAP-lignin epoxide/ bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) (DB) composite resin with DMAP-lignin epoxide replacement of 80 wt% BADGE, containing up to 58.0 wt% the lignin epoxide, exhibits the tensile strength of 76.3 ± 3.2 MPa. Its tensile strength is 110.2% of BTEAC-lignin epoxide/BADGE (BB) composite resins and is comparable to that of petroleum-based epoxy resins. There are good application prospects for the DB composite resin in the engineering plastics, functional composite, grouting, and other fields.

SUBMITTER: Song L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7957740 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Fully Biobased Epoxy Resins from Fatty Acids and Lignin.

Project description:The use of renewable resources for plastic production is an imperious need for the reduction of the carbon footprint and the transition towards a circular economy. With that goal in mind, fully biobased epoxy resins have been designed and prepared by combining epoxidized linseed oil, lignin, and a biobased diamine derived from fatty acid dimers. The aromatic structures in lignin provide hardness and strength to an otherwise flexible and breakable epoxy resin. The curing of the system was investigated by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of the different components on the thermo-mechanical properties of the epoxy resins was analyzed by DSC, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. As the content of lignin in the resin increases, so does the glass transition, the Young's modulus, and the onset of thermal degradation. This correlation is non-linear, and the higher the percentage of lignin, the more pronounced the effect. All the components of the epoxy resin being commodity chemicals, the present system provides a realistic opportunity for the preparation of fully biorenewable resins at an industrial scale.

| S-EPMC7179237 | biostudies-literature

Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins: Unravelling the Relationship between Structure and Material Properties.

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| S-EPMC7997103 | biostudies-literature

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Project description:Fabrication of spherical lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) is opening more application opportunities for lignin. However, dissolution of LNPs at a strongly alkaline pH or in common organic solvent systems has prevented their surface functionalization in a dispersion state as well as processing and applications that require maintaining the particle morphology under harsh conditions. Here, we report a simple method to stabilize LNPs through intraparticle cross-linking. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), a cross-linker that, like lignin, contains substituted benzene rings, is coprecipitated with softwood Kraft lignin to form hybrid LNPs (hy-LNPs). The hy-LNPs with a BADGE content ≤20 wt % could be intraparticle cross-linked in the dispersion state without altering their colloidal stability. Atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring were used to show that the internally cross-linked particles were resistant to dissolution under strongly alkaline conditions and in acetone-water binary solvent that dissolved unmodified LNPs entirely. We further demonstrated covalent surface functionalization of the internally cross-linked particles at pH 12 through an epoxy ring-opening reaction to obtain particles with pH-switchable surface charge. Moreover, the hy-LNPs with BADGE content ≥30% allowed both inter- and intraparticle cross-linking at >150 °C, which enabled their application as waterborne wood adhesives with competitive dry/wet adhesive strength (5.4/3.5 MPa).

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| S-EPMC7570069 | biostudies-literature

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| S-EPMC7831910 | biostudies-literature

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| S-EPMC8129072 | biostudies-literature

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Project description:Epoxy resin plays a key role in composite matrices and DGEBA is the major precursor used. With the aim of favouring the use of bio resources, epoxy resins can be prepared from lignin. In particular, diglycidyl ether of isoeugenol derivatives are good candidates for the replacement of DGEBA. This article presents an effective and eco-friendly way to prepare epoxy resin derived from isoeugenol (BioIgenox), making its upscale possible. BioIgenox has been totally characterized by NMR, FTIR, MS and elemental analyses. Curing of BioIgenox and camphoric anhydride with varying epoxide function/anhydride molar ratios has allowed determining an optimum ratio near 1/0.9 based on DMA and DSC analyses and swelling behaviours. This thermoset exhibits a Tg measured by DMA of 165 °C, a tensile storage modulus at 40 °C of 2.2 GPa and mean 3-point bending stiffness, strength and strain at failure of 3.2 GPa, 120 MPa and 6.6%, respectively. Transposed to BioIgenox/hexahydrophtalic anhydride, this optimized formulation gives a thermoset with a Tg determined by DMA of 140 °C and a storage modulus at 40 °C of 2.6 GPa. The thermal and mechanical properties of these two thermosets are consistent with their use as matrices for structural or semi-structural composites.

| S-EPMC7023557 | biostudies-literature

Preparation of Renewable Epoxy-Amine Resins With Tunable Thermo-Mechanical Properties, Wettability and Degradation Abilities From Lignocellulose- and Plant Oils-Derived Components.

Project description:One-hundred percent renewable triphenol-GTF-(glycerol trihydroferulate) and novel bisphenols-GDFx-(glycerol dihydroferulate) were prepared from lignocellulose-derived ferulic acid and vegetal oil components (fatty acids and glycerol) using highly selective lipase-catalyzed transesterifications. Estrogenic activity tests revealed no endocrine disruption for GDFx bisphenols. Triethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (TEBAC) mediated glycidylation of all bis/triphenols, afforded innocuous bio-based epoxy precursors GDFxEPO and GTF-EPO. GDFxEPO were then cured with conventional and renewable diamines, and some of them in presence of GTF-EPO. Thermo-mechanical analyses (TGA, DSC, and DMA) and degradation studies in acidic aqueous solutions of the resulting epoxy-amine resins showed excellent thermal stabilities (T d5% = 282-310°C), glass transition temperatures (T g ) ranging from 3 to 62°C, tunable tan α, and tunable degradability, respectively. It has been shown that the thermo-mechanical properties, wettability, and degradability of these epoxy-amine resins, can be finely tailored by judiciously selecting the diamine nature, the GTF-EPO content, and the fatty acid chain length.

| S-EPMC6445855 | biostudies-literature

Diphenolic Acid-Derived Hyperbranched Epoxy Thermosets with High Mechanical Strength and Toughness.

Project description:Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is a kind of widely used epoxy resin, but its thermosets normally show high brittleness and poor impact resistance due to the intrinsic rigid aromatic rings, which limit its application greatly. To avoid this drawback, we proposed a method to prepare a series of hyperbranched epoxies (HBEPs) with different molecular weights. After HBEPs were cured with methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), characterizations were carried out to evaluate the properties of the cured HBEP samples. Testing results indicate that the hyperbranched thermosets can achieve excellent mechanical strength and toughness (tensile strength: 89.2 MPa, bending strength: 129.6 MPa, elongation at break: 6.1%, toughness: 4.5 MJ m-3, and impact strength: 6.7 kJ m-2), which are superior to those of the thermosets of commercial DGEBA (tensile strength: 81.2 MPa, bending strength: 108.2 MPa, elongation at break: 3.0%, toughness: 1.5 MJ m-3, and impact strength: 4.2 kJ m-2). In addition, HBEP with the highest molecular weight and degree of branching shows the best comprehensive mechanical properties. All hyperbranched thermosets exhibit high glass-transition temperatures (T g) and thermostability, which further illustrates the potential application value of HBEPs.

| S-EPMC8675157 | biostudies-literature

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