12α-Hydroxylated bile acid enhances accumulation of adiponectin and immunoglobulin A in the rat ileum.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Yoshitsugu R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8217220 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundSignificantly elevated serum and hepatic bile acid (BA) concentrations have been known to occur in patients with liver fibrosis. However, the roles of different BA species in liver fibrogenesis are not fully understood.MethodsWe quantitatively measured blood BA concentrations in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients with liver fibrosis and healthy controls. We characterized BA composition in three mouse models induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), streptozotocin-high fat diet (STZ-HFD), and long term HFD, respectively. The molecular mechanisms underlying the fibrosis-promoting effects of BAs were investigated in cell line models, a 3D co-culture system, and a Tgr5 (HSC-specific) KO mouse model.FindingsWe found that a group of conjugated 12α-hydroxylated (12α-OH) BAs, such as taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) and glycodeoxycholate (GDCA), significantly increased in NASH patients and liver fibrosis mouse models. 12α-OH BAs significantly increased HSC proliferation and protein expression of fibrosis-related markers. Administration of TDCA and GDCA directly activated HSCs and promoted liver fibrogenesis in mouse models. Blockade of BA binding to TGR5 or inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling both significantly attenuated the BA-induced fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis was attenuated in mice with Tgr5 depletion.InterpretationIncreased hepatic concentrations of conjugated 12α-OH BAs significantly contributed to liver fibrosis via TGR5 mediated p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling. Strategies to antagonize TGR5 or inhibit ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling may effectively prevent or reverse liver fibrosis.FundingsThis study was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute Grant 1U01CA188387-01A1, the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0906800); the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation (81430062); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81974073, 81774196), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project, China (2016T90381), and E-institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, China (E03008).
| S-EPMC8010625 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bile acids (BAs) exert pleiotropic metabolic effects, and physicochemical properties of different BAs affect their function. In rodents, insulin regulates BA composition, in part by regulating the BA 12α-hydroxylase CYP8B1. However, it is unclear whether a similar effect occurs in humans. To address this question, we examined the relationship between clamp-measured insulin sensitivity and plasma BA composition in a cohort of 200 healthy subjects and 35 type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. In healthy subjects, insulin resistance (IR) was associated with increased 12α-hydroxylated BAs (cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and their conjugated forms). Furthermore, ratios of 12α-hydroxylated/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs were associated with key features of IR, including higher insulin, proinsulin, glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride (TG) levels and lower HDL cholesterol. In T2D patients, BAs were nearly twofold elevated, and more hydrophobic, compared with healthy subjects, although we did not observe disproportionate increases in 12α-hydroxylated BAs. In multivariate analysis of the whole dataset, controlling for sex, age, BMI, and glucose tolerance status, higher 12α-hydroxy/non-12α-hydroxy BA ratios were associated with lower insulin sensitivity and higher plasma TGs. These findings suggest a role for 12α-hydroxylated BAs in metabolic abnormalities in the natural history of T2D and raise the possibility of developing insulin-sensitizing therapeutics based on manipulations of BA composition.
| S-EPMC3837033 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bile acids (BAs) play important roles in lipid homeostasis, and BA signaling pathways serve as therapeutic targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, we generated cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 70 (Cyp2c70-/-) mice with a human-like BA composition lacking mouse-/rat-specific muricholic acids to accelerate translation from mice to humans. We employed this model to assess the consequences of a human-like BA pool on diet-induced obesity and NAFLD development. Male and female Cyp2c70-/- mice and WT littermates were challenged with a 12-week high-fat Western-type diet (WTD) supplemented with 0.25% cholesterol. Cyp2c70 deficiency induced a hydrophobic BA pool with high abundances of chenodeoxycholic acid, particularly in females, because of sex-dependent suppression of sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1). Plasma transaminases were elevated, and hepatic fibrosis was present in Cyp2c70-/- mice, especially in females. Surprisingly, female Cyp2c70-/- mice were resistant to WTD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, whereas male Cyp2c70-/- mice showed similar adiposity and moderately reduced steatosis compared with WT controls. Both intestinal cholesterol and FA absorption were reduced in Cyp2c70-/- mice, the latter more strongly in females, despite unaffected biliary BA secretion rates. Intriguingly, the biliary ratio 12α-/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs significantly correlated with FA absorption and hepatic triglyceride content as well as with specific changes in gut microbiome composition. The hydrophobic human-like BA pool in Cyp2c70-/- mice prevents WTD-induced obesity in female mice and NAFLD development in both genders, primarily because of impaired intestinal fat absorption. Our data point to a key role for 12α-hydroxylated BAs in control of intestinal fat absorption and modulation of gut microbiome composition.
| S-EPMC8596750 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsWe asked if comprehensive bile acid profiling could provide insights into the physiopathology of ABCB4-mutated patients and evaluated the prognostic value of taurine-conjugated tetrahydroxylated bile acid (tauro-THBA) in cholestasis.MethodsSerum bile acid profiles were evaluated in 13 ABCB4-mutated patients with 65 healthy controls by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/multiple-reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (UPLC/MRM-MS). The concentration of tauro-THBA was compared between ABCB4-mutated patients with different prognoses. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of tauro-THBA were compared between ABCB11-mutated patients with native liver survival and those who died or underwent liver transplantation before 3 years of age by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), with another patient cohort for further verification.ResultsThe overall hydrophobicity indices of bile acids in ABCB4-mutated patients (12.99±3.25 m) were significantly lower than those of healthy controls (14.02±1.74 m, p<0.000). That was due to markedly increased bile acid modifications including conjugation, sulfation, and ketonization. Differences in the tauro-THBA concentration in ABCB4-mutated patients with different prognoses were not significant. ROC analysis indicated that levels of tauro-THBA of <60 nM yielded an AUC of 0.900 with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 87.5% for ABCB11-mutated patients with different prognoses (p=0.0192). Of the 15 patients with good prognosis, 14 were classified correctly and four of the five patients with a poor prognosis were classified correctly (14:15 vs. 1:5, p=0.005) with tauro-THBA as a classifier.ConclusionsTauro-THBA concentration may be a biomarker for predicting the clinical outcome in low gamma-glutamyl transferase intrahepatic cholestasis patients.
| S-EPMC10851069 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Modulation of bile acid (BA) structure is a potential strategy for obesity and metabolic disease treatment. BAs act not only as signaling molecules involved in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis, but also as regulators of food intake. The structure of BAs, particularly the position of the hydroxyl groups of BAs, impacts food intake partly by intestinal effects: (1) modulating the activity of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, which produces the anorexigenic bioactive lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA) or (2) regulating lipid absorption and the gastric emptying-satiation pathway. We hypothesized that 16α-hydroxylated BAs uniquely regulate food intake because of the long intermeal intervals in snake species in which these BAs are abundant. However, the effects of 16α-hydroxylated BAs in mammals are completely unknown because they are not naturally found in mammals. To test the effect of 16α-hydroxylated BAs on food intake, we isolated the 16α-hydroxylated BA pythocholic acid from ball pythons (Python regius). Pythocholic acid or deoxycholic acid (DCA) was given by oral gavage in mice. DCA is known to increase N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D activity better than other mammalian BAs. We evaluated food intake, OEA levels, and gastric emptying in mice. We successfully isolated pythocholic acid from ball pythons for experimental use. Pythocholic acid treatment significantly decreased food intake in comparison to DCA treatment, and this was associated with increased jejunal OEA, but resulted in no change in gastric emptying or lipid absorption. The exogenous BA pythocholic acid is a novel regulator of food intake and the satiety signal for OEA in the mouse intestine.
| S-EPMC10407715 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionGastric bypass surgery (GBP) leads to sustained weight loss and significant improvement in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Bile acids (BAs), signaling molecules which influence glucose metabolism, are a potential mediator for the improvement in T2DM after GBP. This study sought to investigate the effect of GBP on BA levels and composition in individuals with T2DM.MethodsPlasma BA levels and composition and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 levels were measured during fasting and in response to an oral glucose load before and at 1 month and 2 years post GBP in 13 severely obese women with T2DM.ResultsA striking temporal change in BA levels and composition was observed after GBP. During the fasted state, BA concentrations were generally reduced at 1 month, but increased 2 years post GBP. Postprandial BA levels were unchanged 1 month post GBP, but an exaggerated postprandial peak was observed 2 years after the surgery. A significant increase in the 12α-hydroxylated/non12α-hydroxylated BA ratio during fasting and postprandially at 2 years, but not 1 month, post GBP was observed. Significant correlations between BAs vs FGF-19, body weight, the incretin effect and peptide YY (PYY) were also found.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that GBP temporally modifies the concentration and composition of circulating BAs in individuals with T2DM, and suggests that BAs may be linked to the improvement in T2DM after GBP.
| S-EPMC4422767 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cholestatic patients exhibiting high bile acid serum levels were reported to be more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. Animal studies in bile duct ligated (BDL) mice suggest that cholestasis leads to an aggravation of hepatic bacterial infections. We have investigated the impact of cholestasis on mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced immune responses and viral replication. While MCMV did not aggravate BDL-induced liver damage, BDL markedly reduced MCMV-triggered chemokine expression and immune cell recruitment to the liver. MCMV-infected BDL mice showed diminished trafficking of Ly6C+/F4/80+ myeloid cells and NK1.1+ NK cells to the liver compared to MCMV infected control mice. Moreover, virus-driven expression of CCL7, CCL12, CXCL9 and CXCL10 was clearly impaired in BDL- compared to sham-operated mice. Furthermore, production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was massively augmented in infected BDL mice. In contrast, intra- and extrahepatic virus replication was unaltered in BDL-MCMV mice when compared to sham-MCMV mice. Cholestasis in the BDL model severely impaired pathogen-induced chemokine expression in the liver affecting CCR2- and CXCR3-dependent cell trafficking. Cholestasis resulted in reduced recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and NK cells to the liver.
| S-EPMC6023182 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The functional-unit molecular size of the Na+/bile acid cotransport system and the apparent target size of the bile-acid-binding proteins in brush-border membrane vesicles from rabbit ileum were determined by radiation inactivation with high-energy electrons. The size of the functional transporting unit for Na(+)-dependent taurocholate uptake was determined to 451 +/- 35 kDa, whereas an apparent molecular mass of 434 +/- 39 kDa was measured for the Na(+)-dependent D-glucose transport system. Proteins of 93 kDa and 14 kDa were identified as putative protein components of the ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter in the rabbit ileum, whereas a protein of 87 kDa may be involved in passive intestinal bile acid uptake. Photoaffinity labelling with 3- and 7-azi-derivatives of taurocholate revealed a target size of 229 +/- 10 kDa for the 93 kDa protein, and 132 +/- 23 kDa for the 14 kDa protein. These findings indicate that the ileal Na+/bile acid co-transport system is in its functional state a protein complex composed of several subunits. The functional molecular sizes for Na(+)-dependent transport activity and the bile-acid-binding proteins suggest that the Na+/bile acid co-transporter from rabbit ileum is a homotetramer (AB)4 composed of four AB subunits, where A represents the integral 93 kDa and B the peripheral 14 kDa brush-border membrane protein.
| S-EPMC1136507 | biostudies-other
Project description:Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) are the two known bile acid (BA) sensitive receptors and are expressed in the intestine and liver as well as in extra-enterohepatic tissues. The physiological effects of extra-enterohepatic FXR/TRG5 remain unclear. Further, the extent BAs escape liver reabsorption and how they interact with extra-enterohepatic FXR/TGR5 is understudied. We investigated if hepatic BA reuptake differed between BAs agonistic for FXR and TGR5 compared to non-agonists in the rat. Blood was collected from the portal vein and inferior caval vein from anesthetized rats before and 5, 20, 30, and 40 min post stimulation with sulfated cholecystokinin-8. Plasma concentrations of 20 different BAs were assessed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Total portal vein BA AUC was 3-4 times greater than in the vena cava inferior (2.7 ± 0.6 vs. 0.7 ± 0.2 mM x min, p < 0.01, n = 8) with total unconjugated BAs being 2-3-fold higher than total conjugated BAs (AUC 8-10 higher p < 0.05 for both). However, in both cases, absolute ratios varied greatly among different BAs. The average hepatic reuptake of BAs agonistic for FXR/TGR5 was similar to non-agonists. However, as the sum of non-agonist BAs in vena portae was 2-3-fold higher than the sum agonist (p < 0.05), the peripheral BA pool was composed mostly of non-agonist BAs. We conclude that hepatic BA reuptake varies substantially by type and does not favor FXR/TGR5 BAs agonists.
| S-EPMC7288213 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Our understanding of the bile acid metabolism is limited by the fact that previous analyses have primarily focused on a selected few circulating bile acids; the bile acid profiles of the liver and gastrointestinal tract pools are rarely investigated. Here, we determined how chronic ethanol consumption altered the bile acids in multiple body compartments (liver, gastrointestinal tract, and serum) of rats. Rats were fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with 38% of calories as ethanol (the amount equivalent of 4-5 drinks in humans). While conjugated bile acids predominated in the liver (98.3%), duodenum (97.8%), and ileum (89.7%), unconjugated bile acids comprised the largest proportion of measured bile acids in serum (81.2%), the cecum (97.7%), and the rectum (97.5%). In particular, taurine-conjugated bile acids were significantly decreased in the liver and gastrointestinal tract of ethanol-treated rats, while unconjugated and glycine-conjugated species increased. Ethanol consumption caused increased expression of genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, efflux transport, and reduced expression of genes regulating bile acid influx transport in the liver. These results provide an improved understanding of the systemic modulations of bile acid metabolism in mammals through the gut-liver axis.
| S-EPMC3752538 | biostudies-literature