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Keratinocyte autophagy enables the activation of keratinocytes and fibroblastsand facilitates wound healing.

ABSTRACT: Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that is implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. However, the role of epidermal autophagy in wound healing remains unknown. Here, using mice with genetic ablation of the essential Atg5 (autophagy related 5) or Atg7 (autophagy related 7) in their epidermis to inhibit autophagy, we show that keratinocyte autophagy regulates wound healing in mice. Wounding induces the expression of autophagy genes in mouse skin. Epidermis-specific autophagy deficiency inhibits wound closure, re-epithelialization, keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, dermal granulation tissue formation, and infiltration of immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells, while it does not affect angiogenesis. Using cytokine array screening, we found that autophagy deficiency inhibits the transcription and production of the cytokine CCL2/MCP-1 by TNF. At the molecular level, TNF induces autophagic flux and the expression of autophagy genes through NFKB in epidermal keratinocytes. TNF promotes CCL2 transcription through the autophagy-AMPK-BRAF-MAPK1/3/ERK-activator protein 1 (AP1) pathway. Indeed, treating mice with recombinant CCL2 can reverse the effect of autophagy deficiency in keratinocytes. At the cellular level, we found that CCL2 induction via autophagy in keratinocytes is required not only for keratinocyte migration and proliferation but also for dermal fibroblast activation. Our findings demonstrate a critical role of epidermal autophagy in wound healing in vivo and elucidate a critical molecular machinery coordinating keratinocyte-fibroblast interaction in skin repair.Abbreviations: ACTA2/α-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle; ACTB: β-actin; ADGRE1: adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AP1: activator protein 1; AP1-RE: AP1 response element; ATG: autophagy-related; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BECN1: beclin 1; BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase; C5: complement C5; CCL2/MCP-1: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCL3: C-C motif chemokine ligand 3; CK: cytokeratin; cKO: conditional knockout; CRTC1: CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1; CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CXCL2: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2; ECM: extracellular matrix; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FGF7: fibroblast growth factor 7; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HBEGF: heparin binding EGF like growth factor; HPRT1: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1; IHC: immunohistochemical; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; KRT10: keratin 10; KRT14: keratin 14; MAP1LC3B/LC3B-I/II: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPK1/3/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3; MKI67/Ki-67: marker of proliferation; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NFKB: NF-kappa B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NFKB-RE: NFKB response element; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PECAM1: platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; PRKAA1: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1; RELA/p65: RELA proto-oncogene, NFKB subunit; shCON: small hairpin negative control; siNC: negative control; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SP1: sp1 transcription factor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TGFA: transforming growth factor alpha; TGFB1: transforming growth factor beta 1; TIMP1: TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1; TNF/TNF-alpha: tumor necrosis factor; TREM1: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; WT: wild-type.

SUBMITTER: Qiang L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8496719 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundRefractory diabetic wounds are a common occurrence in patients with diabetes and epidermis-specific macroautophagy/autophagy impairment has been implicated in their pathogenesis. Therefore, identifying and developing treatment strategies capable of normalizing epidermis-specific macroautophagy/autophagy could facilitate diabetic wound healing. The study aims to investigate the potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-exos) from hypoxic conditions as a treatment to normalize epidermis-specific autophagy for diabetic wound healing.MethodsWe compared the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-sourced exosomes (BMSC-Exos) from hypoxic conditions to those of BMSC in normoxic conditions (noBMSC-Exos). Our studies involved morphometric assessment of the exosomes, identification of the microRNA (miRNA) responsible for the effects, evaluation of keratinocyte functions and examination of effects of the exosomes on several molecules involved in the autophagy pathway such as microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta, beclin 1, sequestosome 1, autophagy-related 5 and autophagy-related 5. The experiments used human BMSCs from the American Type Culture Collection, an in vivo mouse model of diabetes (db/db) to assess wound healing, as well as the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. In the methodology, the authors utilized an array of approaches that included electron microscopy, small interfering RNA (siRNA) studies, RNA in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the isolation, sequencing and differential expression of miRNAs, as well as the use of miR-4645-5p-specific knockdown with an inhibitor.ResultsHypoxia affected the release of exosomes from hypoxic BMSCs (hy-BMSCs) and influenced the size and morphology of the exosomes. Moreover, hyBMSC-Exo treatment markedly improved keratinocyte function, including keratinocyte autophagy, proliferation and migration. miRNA microarray and bioinformatics analysis showed that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly enriched in 'autophagy' and 'process utilizing autophagic mechanism' in the 'biological process' category and miR-4645-5p as a major contributor to the pro-autophagy effect of hyBMSC-Exos. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2) was identified as a potential target of exosomal miR-4645-5p; this was confirmed using a dual luciferase assay. Exosomal miR-4645-5p mediates the inactivation of the MAPKAPK2-induced AKT kinase group (comprising AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3), which in turn suppresses AKT-mTORC1 signaling, thereby facilitating miR-4645-5p-mediated autophagy.ConclusionsOverall, the results of this study showed that hyBMSC-Exo-mediated transfer of miR-4645-5p inactivated MAPKAPK2-induced AKT-mTORC1 signaling in keratinocytes, which activated keratinocyte autophagy, proliferation and migration, resulting in diabetic wound healing in mice. Collectively, the findings could aid in the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds.

Project description:In addition to its analgesic functions, the peripheral opioid receptor system affects skin homeostasis by influencing cell differentiation, migration and adhesion; also, wound healing is altered in ?-opioid receptor knockout mice (DOPr(-/-) ). Hence, we investigated ?-opioid receptor effects on the expression of several proteins of the desmosomal junction complex and on the migratory behaviour of keratinocytes.Expression levels of desmosomal cadherins in wild-type and DOPr(-/-) mice, and the morphology of intercellular adhesion in human keratinocytes were analysed by immunofluorescence. To investigate the ?-opioid receptor activation pathway, protein expression was studied using Western blot and its effect on cellular migration determined by in vitro live cell migration recordings from human keratinocytes.Expression of the desmosomal cadherins, desmogleins 1 and 4, was up-regulated in skin from DOPr(-/-) mice, and down-regulated in ?-opioid receptor-overexpressing human keratinocytes. The localization of desmoplakin expression was rearranged from linear arrays emanating from cell borders to puncta in cell periphery, resulting in less stable intercellular adhesion. Migration and wound recovery were enhanced in human keratinocyte monolayers overexpressing ?-opioid receptors in vitro. These ?-opioid receptor effects were antagonized by specific PKC?/? inhibition indicating they were mediated through the PKC signalling pathway. Finally, cells overexpressing ?-opioid receptors developed characteristically long but undirected protrusions containing filamentous actin and ?-opioid receptors, indicating an enhanced migratory phenotype.Opioid receptors affect intercellular adhesion and wound healing mechanisms, underlining the importance of a cutaneous neuroendocrine system in wound healing and skin homeostasis.This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.

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Keratinocyte autophagy enables the activation of keratinocytes and fibroblastsand facilitates wound healing.

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