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Synthesis of α-Ketoamide-Based Stereoselective Calpain-1 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents.

ABSTRACT: Calpain inhibitors have been proposed as drug candidates for neurodegenerative disorders, with ABT-957 entering clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. The structure of ABT-957 was very recently disclosed, and trials were terminated owing to inadequate CNS concentrations to obtain a pharmacodynamic effect. The multistep synthesis of an α-ketoamide peptidomimetic inhibitor series potentially including ABT-957 was optimized to yield diastereomerically pure compounds that are potent and selective for calpain-1 over papain and cathepsins B and K. As the final oxidation step, with its optimized synthesis protocol, does not alter the configuration of the substrate, the synthesis of the diastereomeric pair (R)-1-benzyl-N-((S)-4-((4-fluorobenzyl)amino)-3,4-dioxo-1-phenylbutan-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (1 c) and (R)-1-benzyl-N-((R)-4-((4-fluorobenzyl)amino)-3,4-dioxo-1-phenylbutan-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (1 g) was feasible. This allowed the exploration of stereoselective inhibition of calpain-1, with 1 c (IC₅₀ =78 nM) being significantly more potent than 1 g. Moreover, inhibitor 1 c restored cognitive function in amnestic mice.

SUBMITTER: Jastaniah A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8583780 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundThe carbonyl group at position 2 of N-acetylisatin behaves as an amide which is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack via ring-opening in the presence of nucleophiles. Because of this behavior, in the present work we describe the microwave synthesis of a series of α-ketoamide and bis-(α-ketoamide) derivatives via the facile ring-opening of N-acylisatin with different amines and diamines. The microwave irradiation afforded the product in less reaction time, higher yield and purity. Reaction of N-acylisatin with methanol under microwave irradiation afforded the α-phenylglyoxyl methyl ester derivatives with excellent yields and purities. Aminolysis of the ester derivatives with piperidine and morpholine afforded the same α-ketoamide derivatives obtained from direct aminolysis of N-acylisatin. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, X-ray and elemental analysis.ResultsReaction of N-acetylisatin and N-propoionylsatin with different amines and diamines afforded a series of α-ketoamide and bis-(α-ketoamide) derivatives respectively via the ring opening of N-acylisatins. The reaction was performed under conventional condition as well as microwave irradiation. The microwave irradiation afforded the product in less reaction time, higher yield and purity. Reaction of N-acylisatin with methanol under microwave irradiation afforded the α-phenylglyoxyl methyl ester derivatives in excellent yields and purities as observed from their spectral data. A plausible mechanism involves nucleophilic attack by methanol at C2 carbonyl carbon of N-acetylisatin and subsequent ring opening to generate the α-ketoester. Aminolysis of α-ketoester with amine afforded the same α-ketoamide which is obtained by direct aminolysis of N-acylisatin. The IR, NMR spectra, microanalyses, and single crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the structures of the synthesized compounds.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we have demonstrated that microwave irradiation could be employed efficiently for the synthesis of biologically important α-ketoamide and bis-(α-ketoamide) derivatives. The microwave irradiation has more advantageous over the classical method with regard to reaction time, solvent quantity, and product yield. Reaction of N-acylisatin with methanol under microwave irradiation afforded the α-phenylglyoxyl methyl ester derivatives with excellent yields and purities. Aminolysis of the methyl ester derivatives with amine under microwave irradiation afford the same α-ketoamide derivatives as obtained from direct aminolysis of N-acylisatins.

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Synthesis of α-Ketoamide-Based Stereoselective Calpain-1 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents.

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