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MicroRNA-21 Regulates Diametrically Opposed Biological Functions of Regulatory T Cells.

ABSTRACT: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered important for controlling the onset and development of autoimmune disease. Although studies have shown that miR-21 is expressed at higher levels in Treg cells, it remains largely elusive whether miR-21 regulates the immune-suppressive function of Tregs. In the current study, we generated mice lacking miR-21 specifically in their Tregs and investigated the role of miR-21 in regulating Treg function both in vitro and in vivo. Our study revealed that Tregs lacking miR-21 exhibit normal phenotype and unaltered function in suppressing T cell proliferation and dendritic cell activation in vitro. However, compared with miR-21-sufficient Tregs, they produce significant more IL-17 and IL-10 when under pathogenic Th17-priming condition. Adenoviral delivery of miR-21 into Treg cells is able to reduce the expression of both IL-17 and IL-10. Mechanistic study revealed that miR-21 down-regulates IL-10 expression through direct targeting of IL-10, and suppresses reprogramming of Tregs into IL-17-secreting cells through down-regulating Stat3 activity. However, we detected no significant or marginal difference in the development of various autoimmune diseases between wild type mice and mice with Treg-specific deletion of miR-21. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that miR-21 in Tregs regulates diametrically opposed biological Treg functions and is largely dispensable for the development of autoimmune disease.

SUBMITTER: Sun J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8632542 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundMany pathogens exist in multiple physiological niches within the host. Differences between aerobic and anaerobic conditions are known to alter the expression of bacterial virulence factors, typically through the conditional activity of transactivators that modulate their expression. More recently, changes in physiological niches have been shown to affect the expression of viral genes. For many viruses, differences in oxygen tension between hypoxia and normoxia alter gene expression or function. Oxygen tension also affects many mammalian transactivators including AP-1, NFkB, and p53 by affecting the reduced state of critical cysteines in these proteins. We have recently determined that an essential cys-x-x-cys motif in the EBNA1 transactivator of Epstein-Barr virus is redox-regulated, such that transactivation is favoured under reducing conditions. The crucial Tat transactivator of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has an essential cysteine-rich region, and is also regulated by redox. Contrary to EBNA1, it is reported that Tat's activity is increased by oxidative stress. Here we have compared the effects of hypoxia, oxidative stress, and cellular redox modulators on EBNA1 and Tat.ResultsOur results indicate that unlike EBNA1, Tat is less active during hypoxia. Agents that generate hydroxyl and superoxide radicals reduce EBNA1's activity but increase transactivation by Tat. The cellular redox modulator, APE1/Ref-1, increases EBNA1's activity, without any effect on Tat. Conversely, thioredoxin reductase 1 (TRR1) reduces Tat's function without any effect on EBNA1.ConclusionsWe conclude that oxygen partial pressure and oxidative stress affects the functions of EBNA1 and Tat in a dramatically opposed fashion. Tat is more active during oxidative stress, whereas EBNA1's activity is compromised under these conditions. The two proteins respond to differing cellular redox modulators, suggesting that the oxidized cysteine adduct is a disulfide bond(s) in Tat, but sulfenic acid in EBNA1. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on transactivator function suggests that changes in redox may underlie differences in virus-infected cells dependent upon the physiological niches they traffic to.

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MicroRNA-21 Regulates Diametrically Opposed Biological Functions of Regulatory T Cells.

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