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SMAD3 promotes the expression and activity of androgen receptor in prostate cancer [RNA-seq]

ABSTRACT: Overexpression of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause of castration-resistant prostate cancer, although mechanisms upregulating AR transcription in this context are not well understood. Our RNAseq studies revealed that SMAD3 knockdown decreased levels of AR and AR target genes, whereas SMAD4 or SMAD2 knockdown had little or no effect. ChIP-seq analysis showed that SMAD3 knockdown decreased global binding of AR to chromatin. Mechanistically, we show that SMAD3 binds to intron 3 of the AR gene to promote AR expression. Targeting these binding sites by CRISPRi reduced transcript levels of AR and AR targets. In addition, ~50% of AR and SMAD3 ChIP-seq peaks overlapped, and SMAD3 may also cooperate with or co-activate AR for AR target expression. Functionally, AR re-expression in SMAD3-knockdown cells partially rescued AR target expression and cell growth defects. The SMAD3 peak in AR intron 3 overlapped with H3K27ac ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq peaks in datasets of prostate cancer. AR and SMAD3 mRNAs were upregulated in datasets of metastatic prostate cancer and CRPC compared with primary prostate cancer. A SMAD3 PROTAC inhibitor reduced levels of AR, AR-V7 and AR targets in prostate cancer cells. This study suggests that SMAD3 could be targeted to inhibit AR in prostate cancer.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE211945 | GEO | 2023/01/12

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Androgen receptor (AR) orchestrates an intricate transcriptional regulatory network that governs prostate cancer initiation, development and progression. To understand this network in detail, we generated genome-wide maps of AR occupancy by ChIP-seq in LNCaP cells. We found NKX3-1, an androgen-dependent homeobox protein well-characterized for its role in prostate development and differentiation, being recruited to AR binding sites (ARBS) in response to androgen signaling. We identified 6,359 NKX3-1 binding sites, most of which overlapped with AR. In addition to its novel collaborative transcriptional role at well-known prostate cancer model genes, our binding and knockdown studies further suggested that NKX3-1 potentially regulates AR in a feed-forward manner. Integrative analysis of Oncomine molecular concepts showed that these androgen-regulated AR and NKX3-1 associated genes are significantly overexpressed in prostate carcinoma as well as advanced and recurrent prostate tumors. From our transcriptomic profiling and Gene Ontology analysis, we observed that AR and NKX3-1 co-regulate genes involved in "protein trafficking" processes, which are mandatory events in the integration of oncogenic signaling pathways leading to prostate cancer development and progression. Interestingly, we found that AR and NKX3-1 co-regulate several members of the RAB GTPase family of secretory/trafficking proteins via the involvement of FoxA1 in a ternary complex and we believe that these AR/NKX3-1/FoxA1 co-regulated RAB genes could serve as expression signatures in prostate carcinogenesis. More specifically, through functional analyses, we showed that NKX3-1, together with AR and FoxA1, could promote prostate cancer cell survival through activation of RAB3B expression. Collectively, our study has provided important insights into the hierarchical transcriptional regulatory network established between AR and NKX3-1 and sought to elucidate the important genetic-molecular-phenotypic paradigm in androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Genome-wide binding analyses of AR, NKX3-1 and FoxA1 in LNCaP with or without DHT (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) stimulation using ChIP-Seq.

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SMAD3 promotes the expression and activity of androgen receptor in prostate cancer [RNA-seq]

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