Project description:Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has two MADS-box FRUITFULL homologs, FUL1 and FUL2, both of which are able to interact with the master ripening regulator RIN. Here, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with a DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) for the 2-kb upstream putative promoters of whole tomato predicted genes (ITAG2) for a large-scale identification of the direct target genes of FUL1 and FUL2 during ripening. The ChIP-chip with antibodies of FUL1 and FUL2 identified 1,877 and 1,919 of FUL1- and FUL2-binding sites, respectively, each of which was assigned a significantly high peak score (FDR<0.05) in at least two of the three biologically independent analyses. Using the information about genomic position of the FUL1- and FUL2-binding sites, we found 1,943 and 2,051 potential direct targets of FUL1 and FUL2, respectively, that carried one or more binding sites in the putative promoter or in other gene regions, such as exons, introns or a downstream region from the translation termination site (1-kb), where the promoter region of a neighbor gene are overlapped. The majority of the direct target genes are common between FUL1, FUL2 and RIN, suggesting that FUL1 and FUL2 act redundantly in the regulation of fruit ripening, and that these factors regulate the expression of their targets in a form of heteromer complex. Interestingly, the analysis also found direct targets unique to each of FUL1, FUL2 and RIN, implying their exclusive roles during ripening. Three biologically independent samples (chromatin-immunoprecipitated DNA and input DNA) recovered from the ripening tomato fruits.
Project description:Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has two MADS-box FRUITFULL homologs, FUL1 and FUL2, both of which are able to interact with the master ripening regulator RIN. Here, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with a DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) for the 2-kb upstream putative promoters of whole tomato predicted genes (ITAG2) for a large-scale identification of the direct target genes of FUL1 and FUL2 during ripening. The ChIP-chip with antibodies of FUL1 and FUL2 identified 1,877 and 1,919 of FUL1- and FUL2-binding sites, respectively, each of which was assigned a significantly high peak score (FDR<0.05) in at least two of the three biologically independent analyses. Using the information about genomic position of the FUL1- and FUL2-binding sites, we found 1,943 and 2,051 potential direct targets of FUL1 and FUL2, respectively, that carried one or more binding sites in the putative promoter or in other gene regions, such as exons, introns or a downstream region from the translation termination site (1-kb), where the promoter region of a neighbor gene are overlapped. The majority of the direct target genes are common between FUL1, FUL2 and RIN, suggesting that FUL1 and FUL2 act redundantly in the regulation of fruit ripening, and that these factors regulate the expression of their targets in a form of heteromer complex. Interestingly, the analysis also found direct targets unique to each of FUL1, FUL2 and RIN, implying their exclusive roles during ripening.
Project description:The tomato MADS-box FRUITFULL (FUL) homologs, FUL1 and FUL2, interact with the main ripening regulator RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN). To clarify their role in fruit ripening, we generated FUL1/FUL2-suppressed transgenic lines by RNAi. We found that five transgenic lines bearing fruits that did not ripen normally: lycopene accumulation and increase of ethylene production were severely inhibited. We then performed next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the fruits of a FUL1/FUL2-suppressed line (TF18) with those of the wild type (Ailsa Craig cultivar; AC) and rin mutant. The comparison of RNA-Seq data among them indicated that FUL1/FUL2-suppression significantly affected the expression of a larger portion of ripening-induced and -repressed genes than the rin mutation did. Moreover, the effect of FUL1/FUL2-suppression was observed not only in the fruits harvested at the wild type ripening age [45 days after pollination (DAP)] but also in those at the pre-ripening age (35 DAP). This suggests that the FUL homologs play an essential role in the regulation of fruit development and ripening, the role which covers a wider range of biological processes than RIN does. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the wild type and TF18 fruits included known ripening-related genes such as ACS2 and ACS4 involved in ethylene production and PSY1 in carotenoid biosynthesis, consistent with the phenotype of TF18 fruits described above. The DEGs also included many direct RIN target genes, which supports the hypothesis that the FUL homologs regulate fruit ripening in a form of MADS-box complex with RIN. mRNA profiles of wild type (Ailsa Craig cultivar), rin mutant and FUL1/FUL2-suppressed tomato fruits harvested at 35DAP and 45 DAP were generated by next generation sequencing, in triplicate, using Illumina Hiseq2000.
Project description:The tomato MADS-box FRUITFULL (FUL) homologs, FUL1 and FUL2, interact with the main ripening regulator RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN). To clarify their role in fruit ripening, we generated FUL1/FUL2-suppressed transgenic lines by RNAi. We found that five transgenic lines bearing fruits that did not ripen normally: lycopene accumulation and increase of ethylene production were severely inhibited. We then performed next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the fruits of a FUL1/FUL2-suppressed line (TF18) with those of the wild type (Ailsa Craig cultivar; AC) and rin mutant. The comparison of RNA-Seq data among them indicated that FUL1/FUL2-suppression significantly affected the expression of a larger portion of ripening-induced and -repressed genes than the rin mutation did. Moreover, the effect of FUL1/FUL2-suppression was observed not only in the fruits harvested at the wild type ripening age [45 days after pollination (DAP)] but also in those at the pre-ripening age (35 DAP). This suggests that the FUL homologs play an essential role in the regulation of fruit development and ripening, the role which covers a wider range of biological processes than RIN does. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the wild type and TF18 fruits included known ripening-related genes such as ACS2 and ACS4 involved in ethylene production and PSY1 in carotenoid biosynthesis, consistent with the phenotype of TF18 fruits described above. The DEGs also included many direct RIN target genes, which supports the hypothesis that the FUL homologs regulate fruit ripening in a form of MADS-box complex with RIN.
Project description:Ethylene receptor protein quantification is essential to study their functions, but is impaired by low resolutive tools such as antibodies that are mostly nonspecific. Here we report a proteomic method that enables the quantification of all tomato ethylene receptors, which can be applied to other organisms. Testing this method, we found that “Never-Ripe” tomatoes stay orange while a mutated receptor accumulated at ripening, further blocking the ethylene signal .