The preparation of alcohol dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from baker's yeast.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Butler PJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1179201 | biostudies-other | 1970 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme that also functions in transcriptional regulation, oxidative stress, vesicular trafficking, and apoptosis. Because GAPDH is required for the insertion of cellular heme into inducible nitric oxide synthase [Chakravarti, R., et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 18004-18009], we extensively characterized the heme binding properties of GAPDH. Substoichiometric amounts of ferric heme bound to GAPDH (one heme per GAPDH tetramer) to form a low-spin complex with UV-visible maxima at 362, 418, and 537 nm and when reduced to ferrous gave maxima at 424, 527, and 559 nm. Ferric heme association and dissociation rate constants at 10 °C were as follows: k(on) = 17800 M(-1) s(-1), k(off1) = 7.0 × 10(-3) s(-1), and k(off2) = 3.3 × 10(-4) s(-1) (giving approximate affinities of 19-390 nM). Ferrous heme bound more poorly to GAPDH and dissociated with a k(off) of 4.2 × 10(-3) s(-1). Magnetic circular dichroism, resonance Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic data on the ferric, ferrous, and ferrous-CO complexes of GAPDH showed that the heme is bis-ligated with His as the proximal ligand. The distal ligand in the ferric complex was not displaced by CN(-) or N(3)(-) but in the ferrous complex could be displaced by CO at a rate of 1.75 s(-1) (for >0.2 mM CO). Studies with heme analogues revealed selectivity toward the coordinating metal and porphyrin ring structure. The GAPDH-heme complex was isolated from bacteria induced to express rabbit GAPDH in the presence of ?-aminolevulinic acid. Our finding of heme binding to GAPDH expands the protein's potential roles. The strength, selectivity, reversibility, and redox sensitivity of heme binding to GAPDH are consistent with it performing heme sensing or heme chaperone-like functions in cells.
| S-EPMC3549054 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) catalyses one of the glycolytic reactions and is also involved in a number of non-glycolytic processes, such as endocytosis, DNA excision repair, and induction of apoptosis. Mammals are known to possess two homologous GAPD isoenzymes: GAPD-1, a well-studied protein found in all somatic cells, and GAPD-2, which is expressed solely in testis. GAPD-2 supplies energy required for the movement of spermatozoa and is tightly bound to the sperm tail cytoskeleton by the additional N-terminal proline-rich domain absent in GAPD-1. In this study we investigate the evolutionary history of GAPD and gain some insights into specialization of GAPD-2 as a testis-specific protein. RESULTS: A dataset of GAPD sequences was assembled from public databases and used for phylogeny reconstruction by means of the Bayesian method. Since resolution in some clades of the obtained tree was too low, syntenic analysis was carried out to define the evolutionary history of GAPD more precisely. The performed selection tests showed that selective pressure varies across lineages and isoenzymes, as well as across different regions of the same sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results suggest that GAPD-1 and GAPD-2 emerged after duplication during the early evolution of chordates. GAPD-2 was subsequently lost by most lineages except lizards, mammals, as well as cartilaginous and bony fishes. In reptilians and mammals, GAPD-2 specialized to a testis-specific protein and acquired the novel N-terminal proline-rich domain anchoring the protein in the sperm tail cytoskeleton. This domain is likely to have originated by exonization of a microsatellite genomic region. Recognition of the proline-rich domain by cytoskeletal proteins seems to be unspecific. Besides testis, GAPD-2 of lizards was also found in some regenerating tissues, but it lacks the proline-rich domain due to tissue-specific alternative splicing.
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Project description:Aerial parts (AP) and roots of wild-type plants were compared with plastidial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase double mutants (gapcp1gapcp2). These mutants were also compared with conditional mutants after GAPCp induction.
2015-10-30 | E-MTAB-3262 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Sir2 is an NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase required to mediate transcriptional silencing and suppress rDNA recombination in budding yeast. We previously identified Tdh3, a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), as a high expression suppressor of the lethality caused by Sir2 overexpression in yeast cells. Here we show that Tdh3 interacts with Sir2, localizes to silent chromatin in a Sir2-dependent manner, and promotes normal silencing at the telomere and rDNA. Characterization of specific TDH3 alleles suggests that Tdh3's influence on silencing requires nuclear localization but does not correlate with its catalytic activity. Interestingly, a genetic assay suggests that Tdh3, an NAD(+)-binding protein, influences nuclear NAD(+) levels; we speculate that Tdh3 links nuclear Sir2 with NAD(+) from the cytoplasm.
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Project description:The crystal structure of NADP-dependent apo-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (apo-GAPDH) from Synechococcus PCC 7942 is reported. The crystal structure was solved by molecular replacement and refined to an R of 21.7% and R(free) of 27.5% at 2.9 angstroms resolution. The structural features of apo-GAPDH are as follows. The S-loop has an extremely flexible conformation and the sulfate ion is only taken into the classical P(i) site. A structural comparison with holo-GAPDHs indicated that the S-loop fixation is essential in the discrimination of NADP and NAD molecules.
| S-EPMC2242934 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD-GAPDH) is involved in a critical energetic step of glycolysis and also has many important functions besides its enzymatic activity. The recombinant wheat NAD-GAPDH was phosphorylated in vitro at Ser205 by a SNF1-Related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) from wheat heterotrophic (but not from photosynthetic) tissues. The S205D mutant enzyme (mimicking the phosphorylated form) exhibited a significant decrease in activity but similar affinity toward substrates. Immunodetection and activity assays showed that NAD-GAPDH is phosphorylated in vivo, the enzyme depicting different activity, abundance and phosphorylation profiles during development of seeds that mainly accumulate starch (wheat) or lipids (castor oil seed). NAD-GAPDH activity gradually increases along wheat seed development, but protein levels and phosphorylation status exhibited slight changes. Conversely, in castor oil seed, the activity slightly increased and total protein levels do not significantly change in the first half of seed development but both abruptly decreased in the second part of development, when triacylglycerol synthesis and storage begin. Interestingly, phospho-NAD-GAPDH levels reached a maximum when the seed switch their metabolism to mainly support synthesis and accumulation of carbon reserves. After this point the castor oil seed NAD-GAPDH protein levels and activity highly decreased, and the protein stability assays showed that the protein would be degraded by the proteasome. The results presented herein suggest that phosphorylation of NAD-GAPDH during seed development would have impact on the partitioning of triose-phosphate between different metabolic pathways and cell compartments to support the specific carbon, energy and reducing equivalent demands during synthesis of storage products.
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Project description:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme, catalyses the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. While mammalian and yeast GAPDHs are multifunctional proteins that have additional functions beyond those involved in glycolysis, including reactions related to nuclear RNA transport, DNA replication/repair, membrane fusion and cellular apoptosis, Escherichia coli GAPDH (ecGAPDH) has only been reported to function in glycolysis. The S-loop of GAPDH is required for interaction with its cofactor and with other proteins. In this study, the three-dimensional crystal structure of GAPDH treated with trehalose is reported at 2.0?Å resolution. Trehalose was used as a cryoprotectant for the GAPDH crystals. The structure of trehalose-bound ecGAPDH was compared with the structures of both NAD+-free and NAD+-bound ecGAPDH. At the S-loop, the bound trehalose in the GAPDH structure induces a 2.4° rotation compared with the NAD+-free ecGAPDH structure and a 3.1° rotation compared with the NAD+-bound ecGAPDH structure.
| S-EPMC5931139 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is one of the key redox-sensitive proteins whose activity is largely affected by oxidative modifications at its highly reactive cysteine residue in the enzyme's active site (Cys149). Prolonged exposure to oxidative stress may cause, inter alia, the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds leading to accumulation of GAPDH aggregates and ultimately to cell death. Recently these anomalies have been linked with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Novel evidences indicate that low molecular compounds may be effective inhibitors potentially preventing the GAPDH translocation to the nucleus, and inhibiting or slowing down its aggregation and oligomerization. Therefore, we decided to establish the ability of naturally occurring compound, piceatannol, to interact with GAPDH and to reveal its effect on functional properties and selected parameters of the dehydrogenase structure. The obtained data revealed that piceatannol binds to GAPDH. The ITC analysis indicated that one molecule of the tetrameric enzyme may bind up to 8 molecules of polyphenol (7.3 ± 0.9). Potential binding sites of piceatannol to the GAPDH molecule were analyzed using the Ligand Fit algorithm. Conducted analysis detected 11 ligand binding positions. We indicated that piceatannol decreases GAPDH activity. Detailed analysis allowed us to presume that this effect is due to piceatannol ability to assemble a covalent binding with nucleophilic cysteine residue (Cys149) which is directly involved in the catalytic reaction. Consequently, our studies strongly indicate that piceatannol would be an exceptional inhibitor thanks to its ability to break the aforementioned pathologic disulfide linkage, and therefore to inhibit GAPDH aggregation. We demonstrated that by binding with GAPDH piceatannol blocks cysteine residue and counteracts its oxidative modifications, that induce oligomerization and GAPDH aggregation.
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Project description:The Warthin tumor represents the second most frequent benign tumor of the parotid gland and is characterized by the presence of oncocytes rich in structurally and functionally altered mitochondria. Next to its role in metabolism, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is also implicated in cellular mitophagy. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on Warthin tumor and normal control (parotid gland with striated ducts) tissues, using anti-GAPDH specific antibodies followed by digital image analysis. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate the oncocytic tumor cell and normal control striated duct compartments for RNA extraction and qPCR. Warthin tumor oncocytes exhibited a markedly spotted GAPDH staining pattern exhibiting cells with cytoplasmic and nuclear, only nuclear or none GAPDH staining. A significantly lower (p < 0.0001) total GAPDH signal was detected in Warthin tumor oncocytes. Similarly, significantly lower (p < 0.005) GAPDH mRNA levels were seen in oncocytes compared with normal ductal cells. To exclude the possibility of this GAPDH staining pattern being a general feature of oncocytic neoplasms of different organs, we tested a cohort of renal oncocytoma and oncocytic chromophobe carcinoma; none showed this type of staining. The observed progressive GAPDH loss in Warthin tumor oncocytes could be implicated in the pathogenesis of Warthin tumors.
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Project description:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional enzyme that plays critical roles in bacterial pathogenesis in some pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the crystal structure of group B streptococcus GAPDH was determined at 1.36?Å resolution. The structure contained an asymmetric mixed holo tetramer, with two NAD ligands bound to two protomers. Further structural analysis identified interesting phosphate ion-binding sites, which shed light on its catalytic mechanism.
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